Материал: Радовель В.А. - Английский Язык

13. Прочтите текст (по вариантам) и озаглавьте его. Вы­ полните письменный перевод текста по вариантам.

* * *

1. It is well known that the quick development of electron­ics began with the invention of transistors. They replaced elec­tronic tubes due to their numerous advantages. One of the main advantages of the transistors in comparison with the vacuum tube is absence of filament power loss. One of the principal caus-

Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности 28

es of damages in electronic circuitry is high temperature. Theheat causes breakdown of tubes and other circuit elements that are very sensitive to this influence. The transistor, on the other hand, does not heat its surroundings.

Another advantage of the transistor is its long life. The life of the average transistor is more than ten thousand operating hours. Because of its long lifetime and raggedness, the transis­tor is very reliable and has much better efficiency in professional equipment.

2. As we know, transistors replaced electronic tubes due to their numerous advantages. One of the advantages of the tran­sistor is its small dimensions. Because of their small size, the absence of heating and other properties, transistors make it pos­sible to produce compact, small-dimensioned electronic devices which consume very little power.

In conclusion it is important to note that transistors revolu­tionized many fields of technology. They are successfully used for direct transformation of heat energy by means of thermal elements. They are also used to convert radiant energy into elec­tricity with the help of photocells or solar batteries. Light sources and lasers are built on the basis of transistors. They find wide application in computers, automatic devices, aviation, commu­nication, etc.

Notes

Filament power loss — отсутствие энергии на нити нака­ла

TESTS 1. Вставьте необходимые слова вместо пропусков.

1. Transistors have many over vacuum tubes.

a) patterns; b) advantages; c) scales

2. They very little power.

a) consume; b) generate; c) embrace

3. An integrated circuit is a group of elements connected together by some circuit technique.

a) processing; b) assembly; c) manipulation

29 Unit 2. Development of Microelectronics

4. The transistor consists of a small piece of a with

three electrods.

a) diode; b) conductor; c) semiconductor.

5. Modern began in the early 20^th century with the

invention of electronic tubes.

a) miniaturization; b) electronics; c) microelectronics

6. John Fleming was the of the first two-electrode

vacuum tube.

a) generator; b) receiver; c) inventor

7. One of the transistor advantages was lower power ,

in comparison with vacuum tubes.

a) consumption; b) reception; c) transmission.

8. Microelectronics greatly extended man's intellectual

a) subsystems; b) capabilities; c) dimensions

2. Раскройте скобки и выберите глагол в требуемом зало­ге: действительном или страдательном.

1. Electronic devices (help; are helped) people discover new phenomena of nature. 2. The transistor (replaced; was replaced) by vacuum tubes thanks to its numerous advantages. 3. Due to transistors all circuit functions (carried out; were carried out) inside semiconductors. 4. Electronic devices (use; are used) in scientific research. 5. Before the invention of the transistor its function (performed; was performed) by vacuum tubes. 6. The reliability of electronic systems (connect; is connected) with the number of descrete components. 7. Semiconductor integrated circuits (helped; were helped) to increase reliability of devices. 8. New types of integrated circuits (have developed; have been developed) lately.

Unit3

HISTORY OF COMPUTERS

1. Ознакомьтесь с терминами текста 1

calculating device [ksllcjiK'leitin di'vais] — вычислительное

устройство

multiple ['nultiplj — кратный

abacus ['aebakss] — счеты

slide rule ['slaid 'nil] — логарифмическая линейка

logarithm table ['Ьдэпбт 'teibl] — логарифмическая таб­лица

calculus pkaelkjidas] — исчисление; математический ана­лиз

general-purpose ['4зепэгэ1 'p3:pas] — общего назначения, универсальный

to cut out the human being altogether — полностью исклю­чить человека

to manipulate [ms'nipjuleit] — обрабатывать, преобразо­вывать; управлять

data processing ['deits pre'sesin] — обработка данных (ин­формации)

tabulate the census — занести данные по переписи (на­селения) в таблицу

means of coding ['mi:nz sv 'koudin] — средства кодиро­вания (шифровки)

to punch the holes ['pAntf 5э 'houlz] — пробивать отвер­стия

punched card ['рлШ(1 'kaid] — перфокарта

to perform [рэТэ:т] — выполнять, производить (дей­ствие); осуществлять;

unit of data ['jitnit sv 'deita] — единица информации keyboard terminals — терминал (вывод) с клавишным управлением

31 Unit 3. History of Computers

proliferation [pr3,hf3'reijh] —размножение, быстрое уве­личение

2. Прочтите текст и скажите, о каких первых вычисли­тельных приборах рассказывается в нем.

Text У. THE FIRST CALCULATING DEVICES

Let us take a look at the history of computers that we know today. The very first calculating device used was the ten fingers of a man's hands. This, in fact, is why today we still count in tens and multiples of tens.

Then the abacus was invented. People went on using some form of abacus well into the 16^th century, and it is still being used in some parts of the world because it can be understood with­out knowing how to read.

During the 17^th and I8^lh centuries many people tried to find easy ways of calculating. J.Napier, a Scotsman, invented a me­chanical way of multiplying and dividing, which is now the modern slide rale works. Henry Briggs used Napier's ideas to • produce logarithm tables which all mathematicians use today.

Calculus, another branch of mathematics, was independently invented by both Sir Isaak Newton, an Englishman, and Leib­nitz, a German mathematician. The first real calculating ma­chine appeared in 1820 as the result of several people's experi­ments.

In 1830 Charles Babbage, a gifted English mathematician, proposed to build a general-purpose problem-solving machine that he called "the analytical engine". This machine, which Babbage showed at the Paris Exhibition in 1855, was an attempt to cut out the human being altogether, except for providing the machine with the necessary facts about the problem to be solved. He never finished this work, but many of his ideas were the ba­sis for building today's computers.

By the early part of the twentieth century electromechani­cal machines had been developed and were used for business data processing. Dr. Herman Hollerith, a young statistician from the US Census Bureau successfully tabulated the 1890 census. Hollerith invented a means of coding the data by punching holes into cards. He built one machine to punch the holes and others — to tabulate the collected data. Later Hollerith left the Census

Until the middle of the twentieth century machines designed to manipulate punched card data were widely used for business data processing. These early electromechanical data processors were called unit record machines because each punched card contained a unit of data.

In the mid—1940s electronic computers were developed to perform calculations for military and scientific purposes. By the end of the 1960s commercial models of these computers were widely used for both scientific computation and business data processing. Initially these computers accepted their input data from punched cards. By the late 1970s punched cards had been almost universally replaced by keyboard terminals. Since that . time advances in science have led to the proliferation of com­puters throughout our society, and the past is but the prologue that gives us a glimpse of the nature.

3. Просмотрите текст еще раз. Ответьте на вопросы, ис­пользуя информацию текста.

1. What was the very first calculating device? 2. What is the abacus? 3. What is the modern slide rule? 4. Who gave the ideas for producing logarithm tables? 5. How did Newton and Leib­nitz contribute to the problem of calculation? 6. When did the first calculating machine appear? 7. What was the main idea of . Ch.Babbage's machine? 8. How did electromechanical ma­chines appear and what were they used for? 9. What means of

33 Unit 3. History of Computers

coding the data did Hollerith devise? 10. How were those elec­tromechanical machines called and why? 11. What kind of com­puters appeared later? 12. What new had the computers of 1970s?

4. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний:

Вычислительное устройство; легкий способ вычисления; поэтому (вот почему); кратное десяти; изобрести механи­ческий способ умножения и деления; логарифмическая линейка; составить таблицы логарифмов; математический анализ; изобрести независимо (друг от друга); в результа­те; полностью исключить человека; кроме (за исключени­ем); обработка деловой информации; средство кодирова­ния информации; перфокарты; пробивать отверстия; оформить собранные данные в таблицу; работать с данны­ми на перфокарте; устройство, записывающее информа­цию блоками; единица информации; выполнять вычисле­ния; для научных целей; клавишный терминал

5. Вспомните значение следующих глаголов и подберите к ним производные. Например: to calculate — calculating, calculator, calculation.

To compute, to invent, to know, to multiply, to divide, to depend, to solve, to provide, to process, to code, to punch, to collect, to design, to store, to contribute, to use, to manipulate, to assemble, to connect, to consume, to rely, to divide, to mul­tiply, to inform, to instruct, to discover, to operate.

6. Переведите словосочетания, содержащие:

А. Причастие I— Participle I

Computers using vacuum tubes; the machine calculating mathematical problems; the computer keeping instructions in its memory; binary code storing data and instructions; the vac­uum tube controlling and amplifying -electronic signals; com­puters performing computations in milliseconds; electronic . pulses moving at the speed of light; students coding the infor­mation by using a binary code; devices printing the information; keyboard terminals replacing vacuum tubes.

Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности 34

Б. Причастие II— Participle II

The given information; the name given to the machine; the coded data; the device used in World War II; the invention named ENIAC; the machine called EDVAC; instructions kept in the memory; the engine designed for storing data; data stored in a binary code; vacuum tubes invented by J. Neumann; the general-purpose machine proposed by Ch. Babbage; the ma­chine provided with the necessary facts.

7. Ознакомьтесь с терминами текста 2.

analog computer [э'па?1эд kam'pjuta] — аналоговый ком­пьютер