Материал: Радовель В.А. - Английский Язык

2. Прочтите текст и объясните, как вы понимаете термин«компьютерное программирование».

Text 1. COMPUTER PROGRAMMING

Programming is the process of preparing a set of coded in­structions which enables the computer to solve specific prob­lems or to perform specific functions. Theiessence of computer programmingjis the encoding of the program for the computer by means of algorythms. The thing is that any problem is ex­pressed in mathematical terms, it contains formulae, equations and calculations^ But the computer cannot manipulate formu­lae, equations and calculations. Any problem must be specially processed for the computer to understand it, that is — coded or programmed.

The phase in which the system's computer programs are written is called the development phase. The programs are lists of instructions that will be followed by the control unit of the central processing unit (CPU). The instructions of the program must be complete and in the appropriate sequence, or else the wrong answers will result. To guard against these errors in logic and to document the program's logical approach, logic plans should be developed.

There are two common techniques for planning the logic of a program. The first technique is flowcharting. A flowchart is a plan in the form of a graphic or pictorial representation that uses predefined symbols to illustrate the program logic. It is, there­fore, a "picture" of the logical steps to be performed by the computer. Each of the predefined symbol shapes stands for a general operation. The symbol shape communicates the nature of the general operation, and the specifics are written within the symbol. A plastic or metal guide called a template is used to make drawing the symbols easier.

The second technique for planning program logic is called pseudocode. Pseudocode is an imitation of actual program in­structions. It allows a program-like structure without the bur­den of programming rules to follow. Pseudocode is less time-consuming for the professional programmer than is flowcharting. It also emphasizes a top-down approach to program structure.

Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности 148

Pseudocode has three basic structures: sequence, decision,and looping logic. With these three structures, any required logic can be expressed.

3. Просмотрите текст еще раз и ответьте на вопросы, ис­ пользуя информацию текста.

1. What is programming? 2. What is the essence of program­ming? 3. What should be done with the problem before process­ing by the computer? 4. What is a program? 5. What are instruc­tions? 6. What are the main techniques for planning the program logic? 7. What is a flowchart? 8. What is a template and what is it used for? 9. What do you understand by "pseudocode"? 10. What are the basic structures of pseudocode?

4. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний:

Совокупность закодированных'команд; суть компьютер­ного программирования; кодирование посредством алгорит­ма; формулы, уравнения, вычисления; обработать особым образом; перечень команд; необходимая последователь­ность; защищать от ошибок; составлять план логической последовательности; общепринятая методика; логическая последовательность выполнения программы; построение блок-схемы; наглядное представление; заранее заданные символы; шаблон; псевдопрограмма; без издержек; выде­лять принцип нисходящей обработки; расходовать меньше времени; логическая схема выполнения операций в цикле; необходимая последовательность операций.

5. Подберите из предложенных ниже русских словосоче­ таний значения следующих терминов на английском языке:

Program: access program; application program; archived program; binary program; common program; compatible / in­compatible program; control / management program; database program; debugging program; educational / teaching / training program; free program; general-purpose program; high-perfor­mance program; off-line program; on-line program; operating (-system) program; processing program; protected-mode pro­gram; remote program; running program; self-loading program;

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simulation program; support program; utility program; virus-detection program; watch-dog program.

Программа в двоичном коде; прикладная программа; (не) совместимая программа; бесплатная программа; про­грамма отладки; сторожевая программа; дистанционная программа; программа моделирования; сервисная про­грамма; вспомогательная программа; программа для дос­тупа (к данным); заархивированная программа; програм­ма, работающая с базой данных; обучающая программа; программа, выполняемая с большой скоростью; универ­сальная программа; программа, выполняемая в защищен­ном режиме; программа обработки данных; программа операционной системы (системная программа); выполня­емая программа; сетевая /несетевая программа; самоза­гружающаяся программа; часто используемая (распростра­ненная) программа; программа управления; программа обнаружения вирусов.

6. Переведите предложения, содержащие сослагательное наклонение.

1.1 should like to be a top specialist in computer technolo­gy. 2. It is necessary that the program should be debugged (отлажена) by a programmer. 3. It is required that the program­mer should code the instructions of the program in the appro­priate sequence. 4. The manager demanded that the work should be performed in time. 5. Write down the algorythm of comput­er operations lest you should make errors. 6. Our teacher speaks English as if he were a real Englishman. 7. Without the Sun there would be no light, no heafe, no energy of any kind. 8.1 wish it were summer now and we could go to the seaside. 9. American scientists suggested that the quantum generator should be called laser, which is the acronym for fight amplification by stimulat­ed emission of radiation. 10.1 wished you had mentioned these facts while the subject was being discussed.

7. Ознакомьтесь с терминами текста 2.

programming language — язык программирования

coded form — кодированный вид; кодированное пред­ставление

to convey — передавать; сообщать

Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности 150

to improve — улучшать, совершенствовать

machine-oriented language — машинно-ориентирован­ный язык

business-oriented language — язык для (программирова­ния) экономических задач

problem-oriented language — проблемно-ориентирован­ный язык

string of binary — строка двоичного представления data handling — обработка данных; работа с данными field-name length — длина имени поля incorporate features — включать свойства, особенности versatile — многофункциональный; разносторонний;

универсальный generous — большой, значительный (о количестве)

mathematical relationship — математическая связь (соот­ношение)

8. Прочтите текст и объясните, что представляют собой языки программирования.

Text 2. PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

Let's assume that we have studied the problem, designed a \

logical plan (our flowchart or pseudocode), and are now ready \

to write the program instructions. The process of writing pro- j

gram instructions is called coding. The instructions will be writ- .

ten on a form called a coding form.^The instructions we write ■

will be recorded in a machine-readable form using a keypunch, ^;

key-to-tape, or key-to-disk, or entered directly into computer ; memory through a terminal keyboard.

The computer cannot understand instructions written in just ■ v

any old way. The instructions must be written according to a set !

of rules. These rules are the foundation of a programming Ian- j

guage. A programming language must convey the logical steps ■*

of the program plan in such a way that the control unit of the \

CPU can interpret and follow the instructions. Programming j

languages have improved throughout the years, just as comput- I.

er hardware has improved. They have progressed from machine- \

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oriented languages that use strings of binary Is and 0s to prob­lem-oriented languages that use common mathematical and/or English terms.

There are over 200 problem-oriented languages. The most common of them are COBOL, FORTRAN, PL/I, RPG, BA­SIC, PASCAL.

COBOL

COBOL was the most widely used business-oriented pro­gramming language. Its name is an acronym for Common Јlisi-ncss-Oriented Zanguage. COBOL was designed to solve prob­lems that are oriented toward data handling and input-output operations. Of course, COBOL can perform arithmetic opera­tions as well, but its greatest flexibility is in data handling. CO­BOL also was designed as a self-documenting language. Self-documenting languages are those that do not require a great deal of explanation in order to be understood by someone reading the program instructions. The self-documenting aspect of CO­BOL is made possible by its sentencelike structure and the very generous maximum symbolic field-name length of 30 charac­ters. With a field-name length of up to 30 characters, the name can clearly identify the field and its purpose.

FORTRAN IV

The FORTRAN IV language is oriented toward solving prob­lems of a mathematical nature. The name FORTRAN comes from the combination of the words formula translation. The version of FORTRAN IV has been designed as algebra-based programming language. Any formula or those mathematical relationships that can be expressed algebraically can easily be expressed as a FORTRAN instruction. FORTRAN is the most commonly used language for scientific applications.

PL/I

PL/I stands for programming language I. It was designed as a general-purpose language incorporating features similar to COBOL for data handling instructions and features similar to FORTRAN for mathematical instructions. PL/I is much more than a combination of the good features of both COBOL and FORTRAN, as it has many capabilities that are unique. Yet, although PL/I is one of the most versatile and the most power­ful of the programming languages, it is not the most commonly

Английский язык. Оыюяыквивыотерной грамотности 252

used. COBOL and FORTRAN have been available for a longer period of time than PL/I, and many more users work with those languages.

9. Просмотрите текст еще раз и ответьте на вопросы, ис­ пользуя информацию текста.

1. What is the process of writing instructions called? 2. What is a code? 3. How must instructions be written? 4. What is the foundation of any programming language? 5. How was the de­velopment of programming languages progressing throughout the years? 6. What are the most common problem-oriented lan­guages? 7. What is COBOL? 8. What functions was COBOL designed for? 9. What does FORTRAN serve for? 10. What ca­pabilities has PL/I?

10. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний:

Языки программирования; блок-схема; кодированная форма; вид, удобочитаемый для компьютера; в соответ­ствии с набором правил; представить логические шаги программы; таким образом; совершенствовать языки про­граммирования; машинно-ориентированные языки; про­блемно-ориентированные языки; обычный термин; язык для программирования экономических задач; обработка информации; операции по вводу-выводу данных; гиб­кость; идентифицировать поле и его цели; решение проблем математического характера; сферы научного применения; универсальный язык; включать свойства; уникальные воз­можности; многофункциональный и самый мощный из языков программирования.

11. Найдите в текстах 1 и 2 слова, близкие по значению следующим:

Nouns: command; line; characteristic; form; evolution; enu­meration; mistake; method; character; manual (instruction); consumption; storage; basics; abbreviation; interpretation; cor­relation; possibility.

Verbs: include; inform; process; protect; apply; permit; stress; suppose; learn; make up; write; key; explain; define; perfect; advance; decide; execute; demand.

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Adjectives:full; incorrect; usual; necessary; accessible; re­quired; considerable; floppy; possible.