Материал: Радовель В.А. - Английский Язык

12. Переведите условные сложноподчиненные предложе­ ния. Обратите внимание на форму выражения разных типов условия.

I. 1. If you try very hard you can master any language. 2. If you want to master any language you must know at least three thousand words. 3. You will improve your pronunciation if you read aloud every day. 4. Time will be saved if one uses a com­ puter. 5. If you learn all the words of the lesson you will write your test successfully. 6. If you or I add up two numbers of six figures without a calculator, it will take us a lot of time.

II. 1. It would be a good thing if you didn't smoke. 2. If the earth didn't rotate it wouldn't have the shape of a ball. 3. If I had the time I should help you to solve the problem. But I must be off. 4.1 should translate the article without difficulty if I knew English well. 5. If I were in your place I should learn to speak English fluently. 6. Were you asked to explain why addition is performed the way it is, you would probably have to think for a while before answering.

HI. 1.1 decided to stay at home last night. I would have gone out if I hadn't been so tired. 2. Had he not been busy, he wouldn't have missed that conference. 3. Why didn't you phone me yesterday? I would have helped you. 4. If you had attended preliminary courses, you would have passed you examinations more successfully. 5. Had the manager had this information before, he would have acted differently. 6. The binary system is particulary appropriate to the nature of an electric machine; if it had not existed, computer designers would have had to invent it.

13. Выполните перевод следующих текстов письменно по вариантам.

1. RPG II Programming language

RPG II is a business-oriented language. The name stands for report program generator. RPG is considerably different from other programming languages. RPG is, in effect, a large prewrit­ten program. The programmer simply indicates the options within the master program that are to be used and, through a set of indicators, when they are to be used.

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RPG was originally referred to as a "quick-and-dirty" pro­gramming language. That is, it is quick for the programmer to write and relatively inefficient in its use of main storage and processing speed. The latest version of RPG, called RPG II, greatly improved the language and gave it additional capabili­ties. RPG has an advantage over COBOL in that it requires less training for a programmer to become proficient in it. For this reason, RPG is commonly used on many smaller computers and in small business.

2. BASIC

BASIC is the acronym for beginner's all-purpose symbolic instruction code. It was developed in Dartmouth College as an easy-to-learn programming language for students and inexpe­rienced programmers. Its key design goal is simplicity. BASIC has become a very popular language in systems where many users share the use of a computer through terminals and it has become a universal language for personal computers.

The language BASIC is mathematically oriented, that is, its typical use is to solve problems of a mathematical nature. Be­cause BASIC programs are usually executed from a terminal or microcomputer where input is entered through a keyboard and printed output is relatively slow, problems of a business nature requiring large volumes of input-output data are usually not practical.

3. PASCAL

PASCAL was invented in 1970 by Professor Niklaus Wirth of Zurich, Switzerland. It was named after the mathematician Blaise Pascal, who invented one of the earliest practical calcu­lators. PASCAL is a mathematically oriented programming lan­guage and, as such, is most commonly used in mathematics, engineering, and computer science departments of colleges and universities. This language is somewhat unusual in that it was designed to be a structured language. This means that the pro­gram must be written in logical modules which are in turn called by a main controlling module. Much of PASCAL'S popularity is due to work done at the University of California at San Di­ego, where PASCAL has been implemented on several differ­ent computers including microcomputers.

155 Unit 11. Computer Programming

14. Прочтите тексты (по вариантам) и составьте рефера­ты на английском языке.

1. The conversion of symbolic languages

As we see, most of the symbolic languages are oriented to­ward the particular application areas of business or science (math). The one problem with all symbolic languages is that none of them can be understood by a computer. The symbolic languages may say AP, ADD, or use a "plus" sign to indicate an addition step, but the only thing that means addition to a computer is its binary machine code. Wfe have symbolic pro­grams that are relatively easy for humans to understand, but they cannot be understood by computers. On the other hand, we have machine code that is understood by the computer, but it is dif­ficult for humans to use. The solution is a translator that trans­lates the symbolic program into machine code. The translator allows the human to work with relatively easy-to-understand symbolic languages and it allows the computer to follow instruc­tions in machine code. The translation of symbolic instructions to machine code is accomplished through the use of a program called a language processor. There are three types of language processors. They are called assemblers, compilers, and interpret­ers. Each translates symbolic instructions to machine code, but each does it differently.

(The translator is a program itself. It is part of a group of programs, called the operating systems, that help us to use the computer.)

2. Running the computer program

The operating system is a collection of program provided by the computer's manufacturer that allows us to shedule jobs for the computer, to translate source programs into object programs, to sort data stored on secondary storage devices, and to copy data from any input device to any output device. These programs are called control programs, language programs and utility pro­grams.

The control program (often called the supervisor, monitor, or executive) is a main-storage-resident program. Its functions are to schedule jobs, shedule input and output for our programs, and to monitor the execution of our programs.

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The language processors are programs that translate sourceprograms into object programs. There are three types of language processors: assemblers, compilers, and interpreters. Each lan­guage has its own language processor.

The service programs are programs that are commonly used in all data processing centers. They have functions that are re­quired by everyone using a computer. Examples of service pro­grams include linkage editors to prepare object programs for execution, a librarian to catalog programs into a library area on magnetic disc, utility programs to transfer data from device to device, and sort-merge programs for sorting data on magnetic tape or disk.

3. Testing the computer program

There are two kinds of errors or bugs with which program­mers must deal. The first type is the coding error. Such errors are syntax errors that prevent the language processor from suc­cessfully translating the source program to object program code. The language processor identifies the nature and the location of the error on the source program listing, so these errors are relatively easy to find and correct. The second type of bug is the logic error. The computer program can be successfully translat­ed, but the program does not produce the desired results. These errors are generally much more difficult to find and to correct than are coding errors. Logic errors can be avoided through careful planning of the program logic, but it is the programmer's responsibility to test thoroughly all of the program's functions, in order to verify that the program performs according to spec­ifications.

There are many tools provided to the programmer to help in debugging the program logic. These tools are called debug packages or tracing routines. They assist the programmer in fol­lowing the logic by printing out calculation results and field values used in making logic decisions in the program. In a few cases it may be necessary to use a memory dump — a printout of the instructions and date held in the computer's memory — in order to find the cause of logic errors.

ИТОГОВЫЙ ТЕСТ

1. Подберите вместо пропусков подходящее по смыслу слово.

1. The most common for planning the program logic

are flowcharting and pseudocode.

a) technologies; b) technics; c) techniques

2. was designed for dealing with the complicated

mathematical calculations of scientists and engineers, a) COBOL; b) FORTRAN; c) PL/I

3. is the foundation of any programming languages.

a) a set of rules; b) a group of numbers; c) a lot of in­structions

4. I / О match the physical and electrical charac­ teristics of input-output devices.

a) interchanges; b) interfaces; c) interpretations

5. Letter-quality, dot-matrix and ink-jet printers are all printers.

a) line; b) page; c) character

6. The most common device used to transfer information from the user to the computer is the .

a) keyboard; b) printer; c) modem

7. Input-output units link the computer to its external

a) requirement; b) development; c) environment

8. I / О devices can be classified according to their speed, visual displays being devices.

a) high-speed; b)medium-speed; c) low-speed

2. Согласуйте слова в левой колонке с их интерпретаци­ ей, предложенной справа.

1. Computer a) an electronic device accepting data pro-

cessing results from the computer sys­tem;

2. Input b) the unit performing arithmetic opera-

tions called for in the instructions;

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3. Output с) the unit coordinating all the activities of

various components of the computer. It reads information, enterpretes instruc­tions, performs operations, etc.;

4. Software d) a set of programs designed to control the

operation of a computer;

5. Hardware e) lists of instructions followed by the con-

trol unit of the CPU:

6. Storage f) an electronic device keying information

into the computer;

7. CPU g) the unit holding all data to be processed,

intermediate and final results of process­ing;

8. CU h) visible units, physical components of a

data processing system;

9. ALU i) the unit that directs the sequence of sys-

tem operations, selects instructions and interpretes them;

10. Program j) a device with a complex network of elec-

tronic circuits that can process informa­tion, make decisions, and replace people in routine tasks.

3. Определите неличные формы глагола, содержащиеся в следующих предложениях. Переведите их.

1. The problems to be studied are of great importance. 2. The problem studied helped us understand many things. 3. To study the problem we must make some experiments. 4. To study the problem means to give answers to many questions. 5. Having studied the problem we could answer many questions. 6. The problem studied is unlikely to be of great interest. 7. Scientists studying the problem made a lot of experiments to get answers to the required questions. 8. The problem to have been studied last year will not help us to solve our task now. 9. Having been well prepared for the examination the pupils could answer all the questions the teacher asked them. 10. The problem to be discussed at the meeting requires careful consideration.

159 Итоговый тест

4. Выполните перевод грамматикализованных предложе­ ний.

I. I. Accuracy is one of the major items in judging a control system. The higher the accuracy of the system, the less errors the system makes. 2. The digital computer employs the princi­ ple of counting units, digits, and hence, if properly guided, gives answers which have a high degree of accuracy. 3. Electronic computers can choose which of several different operations are the right ones to make in given circumstances. Never before has mankind had such a powerful tool available. 4. In many cases man has proved to be but an imperfect controller of the ma­ chines he has created. Thus, it is natural, that wherever neces­ sary, we should try to replace the human controller by some form of automatic controller. 5. It is necessary to draw a distinction between calculating machines and computers, the former requir­ ing manual control for each arithmetic step and the latter hav­ ing the power to solve a complete problem automatically.

II. 1. Many servomechanisms and regulators are known to be composed of a number of control elements connected in se­ ries, the output of one being used as the input to the next. 2. Vfe expect a computer to work for at least several hours without a fault; that is to say, supposing a speed of one thousand opera­ tions per second, to perform more than ten million operations. 3. Digital programming implies the preparation of a problem for a digital computer by putting it in a form which the computer can understand and then entering this program into the com­ puter storage unit. A problem to be solved by a digital comput­ er must be expressed in mathematical terms that the computer can work with. 4. Among all forms of magnetic storage, mag­ netic tapes were the first to be proposed in connection with dig­ ital computers. 5. Programming a computer involves analysing the problem to be solved and a plan to solve it.

5. Прочтите тексты (по вариантам) и составьте короткую аннотацию на каждый из них.

1. The WORLD-WIDE WEB

People have dreamt of a universal information database since late nineteen forties. In this database, not only would the data be accessible to people around the world, but it would also eas­ily link to other pieces of information, so that only the most

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important data would be quickly found by a user. Only recentlythe new technologies have made such systems possible. The most popular system currently in use is the World-Wide Web (WWW) which began in March 1989. The Web is an Internet-based computer network that allows users on one computer to access information stored on another through the world-wide network.

As the popularity of the Internet increases, people become more aware of its colossal potential. The World-Wide Web is a product of the continuous search for innovative ways of sharing information resources. The WWW project is based on the prin­ciple of universal readership; "if information is available, then any person should be able to access it from anywhere in the world." The Web's implementation follows a standard client-server model. In this model, a user relies on a program (the cli­ent) to connect to a remote machine (the server), where the data is stored. The architecture of the WWW is the one of clients, such as Netscape, Mosaic, or Lynx, "which know how to present data but not what its origin is, and servers, which know how to extract data", but are ignorant of how it will be presented to the user.