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– выявление причин и условий, способствовавших совершению преступлений, и принятие мер по их устранению.

Осуществление предварительного следствия является основной, главной функцией следователей всей системы органов предварительного следствия. Следователи не вправе производить оперативно-розыскные мероприятия.

Независимо от ведомственной принадлежности все следователи имеют одинаковые процессуальные права, ведут предварительное следствие в одном и том же процессуальном порядке; надзор за исполнением ими законов осуществляется в одинаковом объеме.

Для лучшей организации работы следователей в соответствующих ведомствах образованы следственные аппараты (системы структурных подразделений).

СЛЕДОВАТЕЛИ И ИХ ПОЛНОМОЧИЯ Следователь – должностное лицо соответствующего правоохранительного органа, специально назначенное выполнять единственную и главную функцию расследования преступления.

Следователь обязан принять все предусмотренные законом меры для всестороннего, полного и объективного исследования обстоятельств дела, выявить как уличающие, так и оправдывающие обвиняемого, а также смягчающие и отягчающие его ответственность обстоятельства.

Полномочия следователей как должностных лиц соответствующих ведомств, назначенных в установленном законом порядке, определены УПК РФ.

Следователи прокуратуры расследуют дела о наиболее тяжких преступлениях: убийствах, изнасилованиях, бандитизме, организации преступных сообществ, о массовых беспорядках, преступлениях против конституционных прав и свобод граждан, взяточничестве и о других опасных преступлениях, а также все дела о преступлениях, совершенных судьями, прокурорами, следователями, должностными лицами ОВД, таможенных органов, и о преступных посягательствах на упомянутых лиц в связи с их служебной деятельностью.

Следователи военной прокуратуры расследуют все дела о преступлениях военнослужащих Вооруженных Сил РФ, других воинских формирований, а также рядового, сержантского и офицерского составов ФСБ и Службы внешней разведки.

Следователи ОВД расследуют все дела о преступлениях несовершеннолетних, а также самое большое число дел об общеуголовных преступлениях. К их компетенции относится расследование дел против жизни и здоровья, собственности во всех ее формах, общественного порядка, надлежащей эксплуатации транспортных средств, о незаконном обороте наркотиков и т. д.

Следователи ФСБ расследуют дела о терроризме, захвате заложников, незаконных вооруженных формированиях, об угоне самолетов, о государственной измене, шпионаже и диверсиях, а также о некоторых должностных преступлениях, если они связаны с рассмотрением дел, отнесенных к их компетенции.

В связи с созданием Федеральной службы по экономическим и налоговым преступлениям в Следственном комитете при МВД России образуется управление по расследованию экономических и налоговых преступлений.

Полномочия следователя едины независимо от ведомства, к которому он относится. При производстве предварительного следствия все решения о направлении следствия и производстве следственных действий следователь принимает самостоятельно, за исключением случаев, когда законом предусмотрено получение санкции прокурора, и несет полную ответственность за их законное и своевременное проведение.

Закон предоставляет право следователю не согласиться с указаниями прокурора: об избрании меры пресечения, об отказе в даче согласия на возбуждение перед судом ходатайства об избрании меры пресечения или о производстве иных следственных действий, об отводе следователя или о его отстранении от ведения дела и т. д.

Полномочия следователя включают также его право давать органам дознания поручения и указания о производстве розыскных и следственных действий, которые обязательны для исполнения.

Постановления следователя, вынесенные согласно закону, обязательны для исполнения всеми предприятиями, учреждениями, организациями, должностными лицами и гражданами.

We can reveal that the criminal procedure law, in some cases in determining the terms of the bodies of inquiry relates to them the leaders of individual institutions (chiefs, commanders), while others - the public authorities (police, state fire control, federal tax police, etc.) without specifying which officials should conduct the inquiry.

Act distinguishes between the concept and the competence of a body of inquiry and the person conducting the inquiry.

inquiry body is its head, which may make inquiry on any matter within the competence of inquiry, and to conduct individual investigations, taking on them any, statutory decisions. In these cases, it is guided by rules of procedure, addressed to both the body of inquiry, and the person conducting the inquiry. At the same time, the body of inquiry in his face, head right to request the production of inquiry in a criminal case the designated official - the person conducting the inquiry. It is worth mentioning that from that moment the person acquires under the Criminal Procedure Act procedural rights and obligations. As an independent subject of the process, it carefully examines all the circumstances of the case and, as the court, prosecutor, investigator, on the basis of Part 1 of Art. 71 CCP evaluates the evidence of his inner conviction based on vsestronnem, full and objective consideration of all the circumstances in their totality, guided by the law and legal consciousness. The person conducting the inquiry, is responsible for the legality and validity of their actions. However, its procedural autonomy is more limited than the investigator. This manifests itself in relationships and with the head of a body of inquiry, with the prosecutor. If the investigator makes all the decisions independently, except when authorization is required from the prosecutor or the court's decision, the person conducting the inquiry, many decisions are made with the consent of the Chief of the inquiry body, which in order investigate the crime officer, head of the inquiry body reserves the right to control his procedural activities and as well as the officer is fully responsible for the address procedural problems relating to solve the crime, to expose those responsible for seeking redress prichenennogo material damage, etc. He is also responsible for the quality and timing of the inquiry. or on his behalf.

should be noted that in accordance with Code of Criminal Procedure the most important decisions in the case it takes the body of inquiry ?. Only the body of inquiry has the right to institute criminal proceedings or refuse to initiate

(art. 112-114 CCP), to detain a person suspected of committing a crime (Article

122 CCP), suspend or discontinue the proceedings (art. 124 CCP) . His responsibilities include identifying the causes and circumstances of crimes and take the necessary measures to eliminate them (Art. 21, 21 Part 1 of the Code). Practically, this means that these decisions are taken on behalf of the Chief of the inquiry body or they are approved.

II. Types of inquiry.

Law of the USSR of 12 June 1990. "On making amendments and additions to the art. 29 Basic Principles "list of urgent investigative actions performed body of inquiry in cases in which a preliminary investigation required, supplemented by tapping telephone and other conversations, the seizure of property and, if necessary, an examination.

For urgent investigative actions are such action to detect and securing evidence, that occur in hot pursuit, that is, immediately, as any delay in their manufacture can cause the disappearance, damage, loss, falsification of evidence.

list of investigative actions that the investigative bodies have the right to produce as urgent is not exhaustive and may not be broadly interpreted. This means that in cases for which a preliminary investigation required, the investigative bodies have no right to conduct other investigative actions.

practice of the preliminary investigation shows that the laws governing the powers of the inquiry to produce immediate investigation needs to be improvement. The law should reinforce the general rule that the bodies of inquiry would be given a right to carry out investigative actions to restore and preserve traces of the crime, which would be pressing in a specific case, since it is impossible to determine in advance what action will be pressing in a particular case.

Of course, we are talking about the investigative procedures that are aimed at finding, collecting, securing evidence in hot pursuit.

In order to ensure the public prosecutor's supervision over the legality of inquiry body must immediately inform the prosecutor about the discovery of the crime and initiated the inquiry ( Part 2 of Art. 119 CCP). In accordance with art.

121 CCP inquiry in this form must be completed not later than ten days from the date of prosecution. Extension of this deadline is not negotiable. The prosecutor may give an indication of the direction of the case investigator and before the expiration of ten days. If the body of inquiry meet urgent investigative actions before this period, he shall immediately refer the case to the investigator, without waiting for instructions the prosecutor or the expiration of ten days.

Once a case has been referred to the investigator, inquiry body operates according to the results of the inquiry . If during the inquiry it was discovered the person who committed the crime, the body can produce investigative inquiry or investigation of the case only on the instructions of the investigator. If a person commits a crime during the investigation has not been possible to establish, the body of inquiry, and

after the case investigator is obliged to continue the search actions to establish the offender, informing investigators of their results (Part 4 of Art. 119 CCP). The investigation of the same body of inquiry can produce in all cases only on behalf of the investigator.

analysis of the law governing the inquiry in cases for which a preliminary investigation necessarily allows to conclude on the optional nature of this form of inquiry. In this category of cases, the body of inquiry only to cases in trial and makes an inquiry, when the offense is discovered in the course of his work and it requires the production of urgent investigative actions in hot pursuit, and the investigator, for objective reasons, can not proceed with the investigation of the case from the beginning . If the investigator himself filed a criminal case and launched an investigation, inquiry in this case is not made, but the inquiry body may perform only orders and instructions of the investigator on the production of operational-investigative actions

(Part 4 of Art. 119 of the CPC; h . 3 and 4 of Art. 7 of the Law on Operative Investigation Activity).

inquiry body may not suspend or terminate the case in which a preliminary investigation necessarily because of his competence for this category of limited production urgent investigative actions and making decisions about the direction of affairs investigator (Art. 124 CCP).

Cases under investigation in the form of inquiry include the case of the crimes listed in Part 1 of Art. 126 CCP. Some are listed in this article, an offense is possible, in accordance with Art.

414 protocol form of pre-trial preparation materials, or production in a private prosecution.

in the form of inquiry being investigated, for example, cases of crimes under part 1 tbsp. 112, Art. 121, 122, Part 2, Art. 213 and others of the Criminal Code.

In accordance with the law (Art. 120 CCP) in cases for which a preliminary investigation is not required, the body of inquiry, prosecutes and takes all measures stipulated by the criminal procedural law measures to identify all circumstances to be proved in criminal proceedings (Article 68 CCP).

In an inquiry to cases in which a preliminary investigation is not necessarily a body of inquiry is guided by the rules established for the preliminary investigation, except as specified in the h . 2 tbsp. 120 CCP. These include: limiting the rights of the injured, civil plaintiff, civil defendant and their representatives on the part of familiarization with the case after the inquiry, as well as limiting the right of the inquest prosecutor at the appeal instructions. That is, at the investigative bodies are not subject to the rules established by Part 2 of Art. 127 Code of Criminal Procedure, which states the right to appeal the investigator's instructions Attorney superior prosecutor. As distinguished from the investigator, the body of inquiry in case of disagreement with the instructions of the prosecutor may appeal to the superior prosecutor, without suspending the execution of these instructions

These differences are not sufficient grounds. The deprivation of the victim, civil plaintiff and civil defendant the right to become acquainted with the case after the