III. Выберите эквивалент английским словам.
1. Runoff a) автомобильная дорога
2. Resistance b) булыжник
3. Matrix c) гравий
4. Network d) известь
5. Motorway e) создание
6. Lime f) сеть
7. Creation g) вяжущее
8. Cobblestone h) сопротивление
9. Gravel c) сток
IV. Выберите английский эквивалент следующим словам и словосочетаниям.
1. Сеть шоссейных дорог a) modern motorway
2. Столетие b) gravel road
3. Общая длина с) hewn stone
4. Булыжник d) lime burning
5. Современная автодорога e) raw material
6. Гравийная дорога f) highway network
7. Тесаный камень g) finished product
8. Обжиг извести h) total length
9. Сырье i) cobblestone
10. Готовый продукт j) century
V. Выберите правильный перевод следующих словосочетаний.
1. Strategic and commercial aim
военная и торговая сеть
стратегическая и коммерческая цель
стратегический и торговый план
2. Solid stone construction
сооружение из сплошного камня
сплошная каменная конструкция
твердая каменная конструкция
3. A mixture of lime, loose volcanic rock and sand
смесь из извести, твердой вулканической породы и песка
смесь из глины, сыпучей вулканической породы и песка
смесь из извести, сыпучей вулканической породы и песка
4. European arterial road
европейская окружная дорога
европейская подъездная дорога
европейская магистральная дорога
5. Uniform hard surface
однородное твердое дорожное полотно
однородное твердое покрытие
однородное твердое основание
6. Traction resistance
сопротивление истиранию
сопротивление движению
сопротивление напряжению
7.Within the present-day Italy
в пределах современной Италии
за пределами современной Италии
на территории современной Италии
VI. Изучите следующие модели с герундием.
Помните, что герундий – это неличная форма глагола. На русский язык может переводиться отглагольным существительным, неопределенной формой глагола, деепричастием. В предложении выполняет следующие функции:
1. Подлежащего:
Designing a highway is a very important task of engineers.
Проектирование автомобильной дороги – очень важная задача для наших инженеров.
2. Составной части именного сказуемого:
The main point of modern highways is providing transportation of passengers and goods. Основное назначение современных дорог - обеспечить перевозку пассажиров и грузов.
3. Дополнения:
These engineers are experienced in planning new roads.
Эти инженеры имеют большой опыт в проектировании новых дорог.
4. Определения:
The process of finishing an earth road is very similar to the process of its maintenance. Процесс отделки земляного полотна очень похож на процесс его содержания.
5. Обстоятельства:
In planning a road extensive preliminary surveys must be carried out.
При планировании дороги должны проводиться обширные предварительные изыскания.
VII. Образуйте герундий от следующих глаголов. Переведите их.
Пример: to build – building. Строить- строительство.
To construct, to develop, to create, to extend, to attain, to burn, to mix, to conquer.
VIII. Употребите герундий вместо инфинитива.
Пример: In (to plan) a road extensive surveys have been carried out.
In planning a road extensive surveys have been carried out.
1. The highway drainage system comprises a series of special structures for ( to safeguard) the roadbed against saturation; its purpose is (to collect) and (to dispose) surface and ground water flowing towards the road and (to prevent) water from (to enter) the sub-grade. 2. (To dispose) the surface water falling on the road requires special measures. 3. (To collect) water which runs down the slopes of cuttings towards the road is very important. 4. Bridges culverts (водопропускные трубы) and filtering terraces are constructed for the purpose of (to discharge) the water from side ditches across and under the road. 5. (To divert) the water from the roadbed may also require additional measures. 6. Sand and gravel are used as filling material in (to construct) embankment.
IX. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
Roman Roads.
Road construction was extensively developed during the Roman Empire. The strategic and commercial aims of the Roman Empire required the creation of broad lines of communication. The Roman historian Tacitus said that the roads of that time were required by “the traders and the Roman army”. The roads Romans had constructed were proof of the might of the Roman Empire. The Roman highway network built during seven centuries, extended over a total length of 90, 000 km. 14,000 km were situated within the present-day Italy. If one is to take into account secondary earth and gravel roads, the total length of the Roman Empire road network would attain 300 thousand kilometers.
The major Roman roads were made of solid stone construction incorporating up to 10 to 15 thousand cubic meters of stone per kilometer. This is from 4 to 6 times the amount used today in the construction of modern highways.
Materials used in the construction of Roman roads were gravel, cobblestone and hewn stone in the form of slabs. Lime burning was known to the Romans who used concrete extensively for constructional purposes, employing as the matrix a mixture of lime, loose volcanic rock and sand.
The Roman Empire weakened by the slave revolts, was conquered at the end of the fifth century by the Germanic barbarians, and in its place appeared dozens of small feudal states.
The European arterial roads, which now crossed several states, lost the importance, and were allowed to fall into decay.
In the second half of the 18-th century a period of intensive road building began, the rate of building being dependent upon the rate of development of industry and commerce in various states.
Constructing roads with uniform hard surface substantially improved the conditions for transporting raw materials and of finished products by reducing the traction resistance hence allowing an increase in the load carried by individual vehicles.
X. Образуйте глаголы от следующих существительных. Переведите их.
Пример: consistence – to consist. Состав, консистенция – состоять.
Drainage, saturation, opening, admission, prevention, interception, collection, formation, meaning, pavement, evaporation, addition, development, incorporation, employment.
XI. Замените выделенные слова синонимами, приведенными под чертой.
1.The pavement should be laid on the surface of the roadbed. 2. The pavement consists of many layers. 3. Surfacing usually comprises two courses – a base course and a bearing course. 4. The basic qualities of the surfacing depend on the base course. 5. If the surfacing is made of soft material, it should be covered with a thin protective coat.
Sealing, course, formation, wearing surface, property.
XII. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на герундий.
1. This road is unsuitable for traveling by motor vehicles at high speed. 2. Rolling was done by a power roller weighing not less than 10 tons. 3. Sand and gravel can be used as filling material in constructing embankments. 4. Constructing an earth road has two steps. 5. The process of finishing an earth road is very similar to the process of its maintaining. 6. The surface was kept true and smooth by dragging (выглаживание). 7. Designing and constructing require a knowledge of soils. 8. Pavement design consists in determining an expedient arrangement of pavement layers and selecting the material for their construction. 9. Road-making originated in the period of early human settlements.
XIII. Определите, какими членами предложения являются слова, оканчивающихся на “ing”. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1.The testing of broken stone for wear is becoming a standard practice now. 2. In designing a road extensive surveys must be carried out. 3. Determining the alignment (расположение) of the road is the first purpose of the survey. 4. Sand and gravel can be used as filling material in constructing embankments. 5. The cuttings and side ditches have inner and outer slopes. 6. The water penetrating into the roadbed is dangerous for traffic. 7. After the first soaking rain the road was shaped with a grader. 8. Steep slopes of embankments and cuttings may slide after becoming saturated with water.
XIV. Ответьте на следующие вопросы, используя вводные фразы.
1. What was extensively constructed during the Roman Empire?
What required the broad lines of communication?
How many kilometers of the highway network are situated within the present-day Italy?
What were the major Roman roads made of?
What materials were used in the construction of Roman roads?
How was hewn stone used?
Did the Romans use concrete extensively for constructional purposes?
When was the Roman Empire conquered by the German barbarians?
When did a period of intensive road building begin?
XV. Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык.
1. Строительство дорог интенсивно развивалось в эпоху Римской империи.
2. Для стратегических и коммерческих целей Римской империи нужны были хорошие дороги. 3. Сеть римских шоссейных дорог простиралась более чем на 90 000 километров. 4. Основные римские дороги были построены из камня. 5. Гравий, булыжник и тесаный камень использовались для строительства римских дорог. 6. Смесь из извести, сыпучей вулканической породы и песка использовалась римлянами в качестве вяжущего материала.
XVI. Передайте содержание текста на английском языке, используя вводные и заключительные фразы.
УРОК 11 LESSON ELEVEN
Фонетика: Повторение чтения буквосочетания “tion”.
Грамматика: Повторение времен в страдательном залоге.
Тема: Дороги, построенные Макадамом и Телфордом. McAdam`s and Telford`s Roads.
У п р а ж н е н и я
I. Прочитайте следующие слова со звуком “Sn”.
[Sn] – position, introduction, construction, operation, demonstration, location, compaction, extention.
II. Запомните слова, необходимые для понимания текста.
1.Idea, n [ai`diq] – идея
2.Suitable, a [`sjHtqbl] – подходящий, соответствующий
3. Angle, n [xNgl] – угол
4. Track, n [trxk] – колея, шасси, трек, здесь - дорожное полотно
5. Level, v [levl] – выравнивать, сравнивать
6. Flow off, v [`flOu `Of] – стекать
7. Conduct, v [kqn`dAkt] – вести
8. Verge, n [vWG] – край дороги, обочина
9. Prevent, b [pri`vent] – предотвращать
10. Differ, v [`difq] – отличаться
11. Similar, a [`simqlq] - похожий, сходный
12. Inch, n [inC] – дюйм (25,4 мм)
13.Tighten, v [taitn] – уплотнять
14. Passage, n [`pxsiG] – проход, проходка
15. Spreading, n [`sprediN] – распространение, здесь -переувлажнение
16. To take part, v [tq`teik`pRt] – принимать участие
17.Camber, n [kxmbq] – выпуклость
18. Although, prep. [Ll`Dou] – хотя
19. Excellent, a [`eksqlqnt] – отличный
20. Sufficient, a [sq`fiSnt] – достаточный
21. Cut, v [kAt] – копать, рыть
22. Meanwhile, adv. [`mJnwail] – тем временем, между тем
III. Выберите русский эквивалент английским словам.
1. Roadbed a) колея
2. Local b) дорожное полотно
3. Angle c) местный
4. Passage d) угол
5. Flow off e) дюйм
6. Track f) длина
7. Level g) край дороги
8. Verge h) сравнивать
9. Length i) проход
10. Inch j) стекать
IV. Выберите эквивалент следующим словам и словосочетаниям.
1.Введение a) local stone
2. Эксплуатационные качества b) track
3. Экипаж с) side ditch
4. Местный камень d) broken stone
5. Водоотвод e) verge
6. Колея f) vehicle
7. Кювет g) riding qualities
8. Щебень h) mile
9. Край дороги i) water drainage
10. Миля j) introduction
V. Выберите правильный перевод следующих словосочетаний.
1. Suitable local stones
подходящий привозной камень
доступный местный камень
имеющийся в наличии местный камень
2.For the full width of the road
на неполную ширину дороги
на всю ширину дороги
на всю длину дороги.
3.To prevent the road from spreading
предотвратить переувлажнение дороги
предупредить “расползание” дороги
помешать дороге “расползаться”
4.Better riding qualities
лучшие ездовые особенности
лучшие ездовые качества
лучшие эксплуатационные качества
5.Became tightened by the constant passage of vehicles
а) растрескивались от частого прохождения экипажей
b) уплотнялись от постоянного движения автомобилей
VI. Прочитайте и переведите следующий текст.
VcAdam`s and Telford`s Roads
At the beginning of the 19-th century, about 1804, John L. McAdam and Thomas Telford were taking an active part in the construction of roads.
McAdam`s idea was that suitable local stone should be broken and placed in position so that the angle of each stone should keep the next stone in position.
McAdam had the old tracks leveled and graded to a camber sufficient for water to flow off the surface into side ditches. He laid the broken stone in layers of 4 to 5 inches, to a camber of about 1 n 30. Three layers of stone were used and laid for the full width of the road.
McAdam`s type of road meant the introduction of surface water drainage. His idea was to cut side ditches along important length of road, and allow the camber of road to conduct the water into the side ditch.
A small verge was left between the ditch and the road to prevent the road from “spreading”. McAdam built many miles of excellent roadway demonstrating his principle.
Meanwhile Thomas Telford began to take an active interest in road construction. Telford`s system differed from McAdam`s one although the type of surface was similar.
For the surface Telford used 2 in. broken stone in one layer of about 3 in. in depth, with a further layer of stone of less size for a depth of 1 to 2 in. The smaller stone used on the surface gave better riding qualities, and the smaller broken pieces became tightened by the constant passage of vehicles.
VII. Образуйте существительные от следующих глаголов. Переведите их.
Пример: introduce – introduction. Вводить – введение.
Demonstrate, prevent, construct, invent, locate, operate, occupy.
VIII.Закончите предложения, используя вариант “a” или “b”.
1. John L. McAdam took an active part …
in the construction of houses
in the construction of roads
2. Three layers of stone were used and laid …
for the half of the width of the road
for the full width of the road
3. McAdam`s type of road meant …
the removal of surface water drainage
the introduction of surface water drainage
4. Telford`s system differed from McAdam`s one …
although the type of the surface was different
although the type of the surface was similar
X. Вставьте пропущенные слова, приведенные в правой колонке.
1. McAdam had the old … leveled and graded passage, pieces
to … sufficient for water … surface into … layers, surface
2. McAdam laid the broken stone in …of 4 to depth, a camber
5 inches, to … of about 1 in 30. verge, tightened
3. A small … was left between … and the road to flow off,
… the road from … . ditch,
4. The smaller broken … became … by the one, to prevent
constant … of vehicles. tracks
5. For the … Telford used 2 in. broken stone “spreading”
in … layers of about 3 in. in … . side ditches
XI. Замените действительный залог страдательным.
Пример: People build roads in the most natural conditions.
Roads are built by people in the most natural conditions.
1. McAdam left a small verge between the ditch and the road.
2.McAdam built many miles of excellent roadways.
3. The smaller stone has given better riding qualities.
4.The Romans were building their roads during seven centuries.
5.The sub-base reduces the required thickness of the pavement.
XII. Замените Participle II сложными предложениями.
Пример: The smaller stone used on the surface gave better riding qualities.
The smaller stone which were used on the surface gave better riding qualities.
1. Roman highway network built many centuries ago extended over total length of 90, 000 km. 2. The major Roman roads made of solid stone incorporated up to 10 to 15 thousand cubic meters of stone per kilometer. This is from 4 to 6 times the amount used in the construction of modern motorways. 3. Materials used in the construction of Roman roads were gravel, hewn stone and cobblestone. 4. The sub-base is made of gravel, slag, soil treated with binding agents.
XIII. Ответьте на следующие вопросы, употребив вводные фразы.
1. Who took an active par in the construction of roads at the beginning of the 19-th century?
2.What did McAdam do with the old tracks?
3. How many layers were used for the full width of the road?
4. What did McAdam`s type of road mean?
5. Where was a small verge left?
6. Who built many miles of excellent roadways?
7. Did Telford`s system differ from McAdam`s system?
8. What gave better riding qualities?
XIV. Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык.
1. В начале 19-го столетия Макадам и Телфорд принимали активное участие в строительстве дорог. 2. Идея Макадама заключалась в том, чтобы прорыть кюветы вдоль важного участка дороги. 3. Небольшой край дороги оставляли между кюветом и дорогой. 4 Макадам построил много миль дорожной одежды, продемонстрировав свой принцип строительства. 5. Телфорд использовал щебень меньшего размера для дорожных покрытий.