В течение длительного периода строились дороги, подобные римским.
VIII. Образуйте формы Continuous Passive от следующих глаголов.
Пример: to use – is being used
are being used
was being used
were being used
to develop, to mark, to build, to undertake, to construct.
IX. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык.
1.The stone pavement thickness is now being reduced to 0.24 – 0.27 m instead 0f 1 m. 2. About 6 000 km of hard-surface highways were being built during two years. 3. Many first-class roads are being built in our country which will satisfy the growing needs of car tourism. 4. Better roads, service stations are being provided for motorists in the Russian Federation now. 5. Many existing roads of our district were being reconstructed during five years. 6. Expressways are being built with dual carriageways now.
X. Прочитайте и переведите текст, ознакомясь сначала со следующей информацией.
Tresaquet,Pierre-Marie-Jerome (1716-1796) -Трезаге Пьер-Мари-Жером –Французский гражданский инженер, один из известнейших строителей дорог. Наряду с англичанами Телфордом и Макадамом занимался реконструкцией и расширением системы дорог в Европе.
Tresaquet`s Roads
In the second half of the 18-th century a period of intensive road building began. During long period roads similar to the Roman roads were being built. However, owing to a scarcity of suitable material and the high cost of labour, the amount of stone material was gradually being reduced and the work was carried out less thoroughly. For many years research was being undertaken with a view to finding more rational methods of using stone for pavement construction which would reduce both the amount of labour and the cost.
Important stages in the development of road pavement construction were marked by the introduction of two types of construction. These two types of construction are called by the names of their inventors – Frenchman Tresaquet and Scot McAdam.
Tresaquet`s system consisted in building the road pavement in a wide trench which was dug out of the natural ground. The bottom of the trench was given a camber. The camber was intended to divert the water seeping from above. The pavement base was of uniform thickness for the whole width of the carriageway and consisted of slabs placed on end. He surface course was of crushed aggregate of the hardest rock. The stone pavement thickness is now being reduced to 0.24 – 0.27 m. instead of 1 m. as it was customary in Roman road construction.
XI. Образуйте наречия от следующих прилагательных и переведите их на русский язык.
Пример: wide – widely – широкий – широко
Intensive, gradual, thorough, similar, uniform, high, excessive, horizontal, graphical.
XII. Поставьте следующие предложения во времена группы Continuous Passive Voice.
Пример: Now designers are building high-speed motor roads.
High-speed motor roads are being built by designers now.
1. People are constructing roads in the most varied natural conditions now. 2. Our engineers are designing many well-appointed highways in our districts nowadays. 3. Our country was building many first-class roads for many years. 4. Our road engineers are using local cheap materials for road construction at present.
XIII. Расскрывая скобки, поставьте в следующих предложениях Past или Present Continuous.
1. For long period roads (to build) as means of approach to hunting and fishing grounds. 2. Excavated material (to transport) to a different place for two years.
3. This motorway (to reconstruct) now. 4. The plan of the route (to project) on a horizontal plane nowadays. 5. The method of road construction (to change) gradually.
XIV. Соедините разрозненные части предложений.
A Б
1. Modern highways are complex a) which led them to hunting and fishing
engineering structures grounds.
2. In the period of early human b) which accelerated the development
settlements people made footpaths of road construction.
3. The introduction of the wheel c) which improved methods of road
constituted a major technical construction.
achievement
4. The development of industry led to d) which are built for high-speed motor
the improvement of road building traffic.
XV. Замените выделенные слова синонимами, приведенными справа.
Road-making originated in the period of surfacing
early human settlements. Therefore many formation
natural factors influence pavements and wearing course
road subgrades. The variation in moisture road construction
distribution will increase moisture content foundations
in roadbed. The surface course was of
crushed aggregate of the hardest rock.
XVI. Задайте все виды вопросов к следующим предложениям.
1. In the second half of the 18-th century a period of intensive road building began. 2. The amount of stone material was gradually being reduced.
XVII. Ответьте на следующие вопросы.
When did a period of intensive road building begin?
What roads were being built during long periods?
Why was the amount of stone material gradually being reduced?
What kind of research was being undertaken for many years?
What did Tresaquet`s system consist in?
Was the bottom of the trench given a camber?
What was the camber intended for?
What was the surface course made of?
XVIII. Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык.
1. Во второй половине 18-го века начался период интенсивного строительства дорог.
2. Сначала строились дороги, подобные римским.
3. В течение многих лет проводились исследования с целью найти более рациональные методы использования камня. 4. Система Трезаге состояла в том, что дорожное полотно строили в широкой траншее, которая была вырыта в природном грунте. 5. Дно траншеи имело выпуклость. 6.Поверхностный слой состоял из щебня.
XIX. Передайте содержание текста на английском языке, используя вступительные и заключительные фразы.
УРОК 4 LESSON FOUR
Фонетика: Повторение чтения букв “g” и “c”.
Грамматика: Время Present Perfect (Active и Passive Voice).
Тема: Проектирование земляного полотна. Design of Roadbed.
У п р а ж н е н и я
I.Прочитайте слова со следующими звуками.
[g] – grub, grader, aggregate, ground, subgrade, guide.
[G] – hydrological, carriageway, drainage, energy, original.
[k] – construct, factor, close, compaction, called, locate, cutting.
[s] – necessary, socialist, efficient, especially.
II. Запомните слова, необходимые для понимания текста.
Ensure, v [in`Suq] – обеспечивать
Сlimate, n [`klaimit] - климат– климат
Hydrological, a [haidrq`lOGikql] – гидрологический
Vegetation, n [,veGq`teiSn] – растительность
Compaction, n [kqm`pxkSn] – уплотнение
Drain, v [drein] – отводить воду
Level,n [levl] – уровень
Serve, v [sWv] – служить
Stable, a [steibl] – устойчивый
Stability, n [stq`biliti] – устойчивость
Base, n [beis] – основание
Soil, n [soil] – грунт, почва
Elaborate, a [I`lxbqrqt] – тщательно разработанный
Resistance, n ri`zistqns] – сопротивление
Moisture, n [`mOisCq] – влажность
. Slip,v [slip] – скользить
Slough, v [slAf] – сходить, скользить
Heaving, n [`hJviN] – вспучивание
Frost boil [`frost boil] – пучина
Fill, n [fil] – насыпь
Cutting, n [`kAtiN] – выемка
III. Найдите соответствия английским словам.
1. Pavement а) грунт
2. Vegetation б) основание дорожной одежды
3. Heaving в) устойчивость
4. Resistance г) основание
5. Survey д) влажность
6. Soil е) изыскание
7. Subgrade ж) растительность
8. Stability з) дорожное покрытие
9. Base и) сопротивление
10. Moisture к) вспучивание
IV. Найдите соответствия русским словосочетаниям.
1. Необходимый уровень a) soil survey
2. Устойчивое земляное полотно b) water conditions
3. Устойчивое дорожное покрытие c) required level
4. Гидрологические условия f) land drainage
5. Водные условия e) road surface
6. Поверхностное осушение f) stable roadbed
7. Поверхность дороги g) hydrological conditions
8. Устойчивость земляного полотна h) stable pavement
9. Высокая насыпь i) elaborate tests
10.Тщательно спланированные испытания j) high embankment
11. Изыскания грунтов k) roadbed stability
V. Выберите правильный перевод следующих словосочетаний.
1. The pressure of traffic
а) сопротивление движению
б) скорость движения
в) интенсивность движения
2. Geological structure of the country
а) геологическая природа местности
б) геологическая структура страны
в) геологическое строение местности
3. The extent of soil compaction
а) степень разрыхления грунта
б) степень уплотнения грунта
в) протяженность уплотнения грунта
4. Elaborate tests for soils
а) тщательно спланированные испытания грунтов
б) тщательно разработанные исследования почв
в) тщательно разработанные исследования поверхностей
5.The instability of the sub-grade material
а) устойчивость материала для основания дорожной одежды
б) неустойчивость материала для основания дорожной одежды
в) неустойчивость дорожного основания
VI. Изучите следующие модели в Present Perfect (Active и Passive Voice).
1. Many states have adopted some definite form of soil survey.
Многие государства приняли единую методику изыскания грунтов.
2. Elaborate tests for soils have been developed in many countries.
Во многих странах были проведены тщательные испытания грунтов.
VII. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на время и залог глагола.
1. Concrete has been used for constructional purposes. 2. The construction of the roadway has required knowledge of soils. 3. The construction of roads with uniform surface has improved the conditions for transportation of passengers and goods. 4. Many miles of modern highways have been built by our specialists since the beginning of the XX-th century. 5. Our country has built first-class roads which will satisfy the growing needs of car tourism. 6. Many bus terminals have already been constructed in Russia.
VIII. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
Design of Roadbed
A roadbed is constructed to lay the carriageway at the required level. The roadbed serves as a base for pavement. It takes up all the pressure of traffic. To ensure a stable pavement it is necessary to built a stable roadbed.
There many factors which influence the road stability. They are: the climate and hydrological conditions, soil texture, geological structure of the country, its topography and vegetation.
The roadbed stability is closely linked with the water conditions and the extent of soil compaction. To drain water from the roadbed land drainage is laid.
To ensure a stable pavement the roadbed water conditions must be maintained as constant as possible throughout the whole year.
Design and construction of roadbed require some knowledge of soils. Great attention has been paid to soils because they influence embankments and road surfaces.
Elaborate tests for soils have been developed in many countries. Many states have adopted some definite form of soil survey. Soil surveys are intended to determine the characteristics of the sub-grade material. The stability and drainage characteristics are the most important in soil determinations. Stability means resistance to movement under conditions of moisture and load. Sometimes soils are so unstable that high fills will slough or slip. Similarly cuttings may not stand at the original design slope if the soil has not been surveyed properly.
But most important is the instability of the sub-grade material. In the northern states, for instance, unfavorable sub-grade material may result in destructive winter and spring heaving and “frost boils”.
IX. Образуйте степени сравнения от следующих прилагательных.
Пример: high – higher – the highest – высокий – выше – самый высокий
important – more important – the most important
важный – более важный – самый важный
Wide, natural, low, short, distant, difficult, excessive, constant, resistant, unfavorable, destructive.
X. Из приведенных ниже слов, выберите антонимы. Переведите их.
Пример: stable – unstable - устойчивый – неустойчивый.
To fill, drainage, low, stability, to adopt, instability, to reject, high, irrigation, heaving, to empty, frost boil.
XI. Составьте предложения из следующих слов.
Serves, a bas, the , for, pavement, roadbed, as the.
Factors, are, many, influence, there, which, stability, roadbed, the.
To drain, from, land, water, the, drainage, laid, is, roadbed, the.
Construction, requires, of, roadbed, design, the, a, and, of, soils, knowledge.
Soils, so, that, sometimes, unstable, slough, are, slip, fills, high, or, will.
States, definite, some, many, adopted, have, soil, of, form, survey.
Instability, is, important, the, material, sub-grade, most, of, the.