There are four main principles of fire attack. They are …
The stage of the fire influences the method of fire attack.
According to the combustibles classification fires also may be divided into 4 classes: A, B, C and D.
Class A fires are fires involving ordinary combustible materials such as wood, cloth, paper, rubber, and any plastics. Water is used in a cooling effect to reduce the temperature of the burning material below its ignition temperature. Sometimes foams may enhance water’s ability to extinguish Class A fires.
Class B fires involve flammable and combustible liquids and gases such as gasoline, oil, lacquers, paints, mineral spirits, and alcohols. The smothering or blanketing effect of oxygen exclusion is most effective for extinguishment. Other extinguishing methods include removal of fuel and temperature reduction when possible.
Fires involving energized electrical equipment are Class C fires. Household appliances, computers, transformers, and overhead transmission lines are examples of these. These fires can sometimes be controlled by a non-conducting extinguishing agent such as Halon, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. The safest extinguishment procedure is to first de-energize high voltage circuits and then to treat the fire as a Class A or Class B fire depending upon the fuel involved.
Class D fires involve combustible metals such as aluminium, magnesium, titanium, zirconium, sodium and potassium. These materials are particularly hazardous in their powdered form. Proper concentrations of metal dusts can cause powerful explosions. The extremely high temperature of some burning metals makes water and other common extinguishing agents ineffective. Special extinguishing agents are available for control of fire in each of the metals and are marked specifically for that metal. These agents are used to cover up the burning material and smother the fire.
- What do you know about ... ? Что ты знаешь о … ?
- (Is it) really? Разве это так? (Это правда ?)
- And what about ... ? А что касается … ?
- There’s no doubt about it - В этом нет сомнения
- To all this must be added that ... Ко всему этому следует добавить,
что …
- If I am not mistaken ... Если я не ошибаюсь …
LESSON 3. EXTINGUISHING MEDIA
Грамматика: It is ... that
Словообразование: Suffixes: -able (-ible), -ness
Текст: Extinguishing Media
Упражнения
[s ] - agent, pump, object, ingredient, part.
[z ] - hazard, way, extinguisher, line, installation, foam, liquid, tendency, property, fire, compound.
[ız] - gas, process, phase, case, source, collapse, place.
Образец: Cooling with water is one of the most common methods of extinguishment. – It is cooling with water that is one of the most common methods of extinguishment.
1. Water can be applied in a variety of ways from hand extinguishers to fixed installations. 2. Foams are well suited for use against flammable liquids. 3. Carbon dioxide and nitrogen are available in different installations. 4. Volatile liquid compounds of the halogens have great fire extinguishing properties. 5. Flammable gases cannot be extinguished by cooling with water. 6. Introducing an inert gas reduces the oxygen concentration to the fire area. 7. Water is the best extinguishing medium.
Образец: In some cases a fire is effectively extinguished by removing the fuel source, isn’t it?
1. Classification of extinguishing agents must be flexible. 2. Foams are well suited for use against flammable liquids because of their light density. 3. Volatile liquid compounds of the halogens have great fire extinguishing properties. 4. There is a close relationship between a cloud of dense gas and a cloud of dust or powder. 5. Some properties allow foam to be floated over burning flammable liquids. 6. Water’s effectiveness lies in its cooling power. 7. The extinguishment by oxygen dilution will not work on self-oxidized materials. 8. Some fuels can be extinguished by cooling. 9. The fire may be extinguished by reducing temperature. 10. In the smouldering phase only three extinguishment options exist. 11. Water can be applied in a variety of ways.
б) –ness существительные
и переведите их:
a) access, flame, combustion, suit, prefer, accept, consider, remove, desire, decompose, permit;
b) cheap, effective, hard, light, thick, steady, rapid, wet.
Образец: considerable thickness.
Classification; tendency; agents; objects; complex; medium; effectiveness; inert gas; resistance; reduction; process; fixed; modern; theory.
б) Подберите к следующим русским словам английские эквиваленты, данные выше:
Снижение (уменьшение); классификация; эффективность; процесс; сопротивление; среда; вещества; предметы; инертный газ; стационарный; теория; современный; сложный; тенденция.
7. Запомните неизвестные вам слова:
allow [q’lau], v - позволять apply [q’plaI],v - применять because of, prep – из-за breakdown [‘breIkdaun], n -поломка cloud [klaud], n - облако consider [kqn’sIdq], v - рассматривать to be considered – быть рассмотренным create [krJ’eIt], v - создавать density [‘densItI], n - плотность dust [dAst], n - пыль flexible [‘fleksqbl], adj - гибкий float [flqut], v –плавать на поверхности
|
halogen[‘hxlqGqn], n - галоген hazard [‘hxzqd], n - опасность lend oneself [lend], v - годиться powder [‘paudq], n - порошок pump [pAmp], n - насос rapid [‘rxpId], adj -быстрый reel [rJl], n –катушка, бобина relationship[rI’leISqnSIp], n - связь substituted [‘sAbstItjHtId], adj -заменяемый volatile [‘vOlqtaIl], adj -летучий |
1. Water is the best extinguishing media. 2. Foams have suitable properties for use against flammable liquids. 3. Carbon dioxide and nitrogen are used in extinguishing of fires. 4. Vaporizing liquids are used in many countries. 5. There is a close relationship between a cloud of dense gas and a cloud of dust or powder. 6. Fire extinguishing foams are chiefly produced mechanically.
11. Подтвердите или опровергните следующие утверждения, начав свое высказывание соответствующей фразой: Yes, you are right. I think, you are right. Certainly. Sure. I (quite) agree with you.
Или: I don’t think so. I think you’re mistaken. I disagree. You’re wrong.
1. The dry powders aren’t so complex as the vaporizing liquids. 2. The introduction of inert gases only increases the oxygen content in the fire area. 3. Carbon dioxide and nitrogen are available both in small hand extinguishers and in fixed installations. 4. Water’s effectiveness lies in ins cooling power. 5. Foams are well suited because of their light density, high water content, blanketing tendencies. 6. Modern volatile liquids have been developed in various countries. 7. All hazards should be treated in connection with each other.
1. Что можно сказать о классификации тушащих веществ? 2. В каких тушащих системах используется вода? 3. Что из себя представляют пожарные пены? 4. Какие свойства пены позволяют использовать ее в качестве тушащего средства на пожарах воспламеняющихся жидкостей? 5. Каков принцип действия пены согласно ее свойствам? 6. С какой целью на пожарах используют инертные газы? 7. Какие летучие химические вещества используются в борьбе с огнем? 8. Существует ли какая-либо связь между газообразным тушащим веществом и порошкообразным?
It should be said that ... Следует сказать, что …
It is interesting to note that ... Интересно отметить, что …
Here we can say ... Тут мы можем сказать …
We need hardly mention that ... Вряд ли нужно упоминать о том, что
As far as I know ... Насколько мне известно …
As far as I remember ... Насколько я помню …
In other words ... Другими (иными) словами …
The text is titled …
It is devoted to …
It deals with …
The author pays attention to …
The author says about …
The text touches upon …
LESSON 4. FOAM
Грамматика: Prepositions
Словообразование: Prefixes: un-, under-, -im, -sup, sur-.
Suffixes:–ed, -ful, - tion, -able, -ive, -ance
Текст: Foam
Упражнения
- mix (-ture, -ed, -ing, -es);
- use (-ual, -ly, -less, -ful, -er);
- limit (un-/-(a)tion, -less, -ed, -ing);
- press (im-, sup-, com-, ex-/-ure, -ion, -ing, -ed, -able, -ive)
а) un-: usual, usually, normal, able, common, controllable, employed, important, kind, known, like, load, natural, real, necessary, safe, suitable;
under-: ground, line, stand;
im-: press, port, possible, proper;
sup-: press, pose, port;
sur-: face, name, pass, round.
б) -ing: extinguish, fight, smother, separate, cool, prevent, combine, intervene, lower, suppress, form, burn, vaporize;
-ed: mix, use, produce, involve, suit, proportion, aerate, generate;
-ful: use, hope, success, care;
-tion: prevent, separate, form, generate, introduce;
-able: flame, resist, reproduce, break, profit;
-ive: effect, prevent, communicate, regulatr, illustrate, demonstrate;
-ance: appear, import.
разделение separate, separating, separately
препятствовать preventing, prevention, prevent
испаряющийся vaporize, vapor, vaporizing
полезный useful, useless, usage
понижать low, lower, lowering
префиксы:
1) fighter, fighting; effect, effective, effectively; extinguish, extinguisher, extinguishing, extinguishment; suppress, suppressor, suppressing, suppression; combustion, combustible; prevent, preventive, prevention, preventing; flame, flammable; cool, cooling, cooler; low, lower, lowering; use, using, used, user, useful, useless; limit, limited, limiting, limitless.
2) supporting; unsuitable; ordinary; unusual; surface; ineffective; unlimited.
product; effective; agent; mixed; paraffin; spirit; prevents; formation; period; classes; chemical; mechanical; to produce; (re)action; ordinary; materials; textiles; limited; combining; separating; temperature; process; type.
б) Подберите к следующим русским словам английские эквиваленты, данные выше:
предотвращает; парафин; механический; химический; эффективный; образование; вещество; продукт; спирт; смешанный; температура; классы; разделение; лимитированный; обычный; производить; материалы; процесс; тип; ткани; соединение; (ре)акция; период.
1. Foam is similar in appearance to soapsuds. 2. Chemical foam is produced by a chemical reaction. 3. Foam resists heat, flame and wind. 4. The foam blanket excludes oxygen. 5. At temperature 22 degrees C water exists in a liquid state. 6. Proper concentrations of metal dusts can cause explosions. 7. Fires may be extinguished by the introduction of an inert gas. 8. One of the most common methods of extinguishment is by cooling with water. 9. Foam prevents air and flammable vapors from combining.
Nitrogen – [‘naItrqGqn] - азот
Methane – [‘mJTeIn] - метан
Ethane –[‘eTeIn] - этан
Bromochlorodifluoromethane – бромохлородифлорометан
Bromotrifluoromethane – бромотрифлорометан
TEXT: EXTINGUISHING MEDIA
Classification of extinguishing agents must be flexible and every hazard needs to be considered separately.
Because of its availability and cheapness, water is the best extinguishing medium. Its effectiveness lies in its cooling power and it can be applied in various ways from hand extinguishers, hand pumps, hose reels, hose lines to fixed installations.
Water alone is not always effective as an extinguishing agent. Under certain circumstances, foam is needed. Fire fighting foams are created by the mechanical mixing of foam concentrate, water and air. Foams are well suited for use against flammable liquids because of their light density, high water content, blanketing tendencies and resistance to rapid breakdown. These properties allow foam to be floated over burning flammable liquids, smothering the fire out and cooling hot objects in and near flammable liquids.
Fires may be extinguished by the introduction of an inert gas and so by smothering or reducing the oxygen content below the level that will support combustion. Carbon dioxide and nitrogen are the two gases that lend themselves to this process most readily and they are available in small hand extinguishers, fixed installations and so on.
Volatile liquid compounds of the halogens have great fire extinguishing properties and there are a number of them now available based on the substituted methanes and ethanes. They have been developed by different chemical firms in various countries with the result that CB (chlorobromomethane) was developed in
Germany, BCF (bromochlorodifluoromethane) in Great Britain and BTM (bromotrifluoromethane) in the United States.
Dry chemical extinguishers are among the most common portable fire extinguishers in use today. There are two basic types of dry chemical extinguishers: ordinary and multipurpose. Ordinary dry chemical extinguishers are rated for Class B and Class C fires, while multipurpose dry chemical extinguishers are rated for Class A, Class B, and Class C fires. There is a close relationship between a cloud of dense gas and a cloud of dust or powder. The modern dry powders are getting to be as complex as the vaporizing liquids because the theory of combustion interference is suitable for the powders as for gases.
(а) 1. Classification of extinguishing agents must be flexible. 2. Water can be applied in various ways. 3. Fire fighting foams are created by the mechanical mixing of foam concentrate, water and air. 4. Some properties allow foam to be floated over burning flammable liquids. 5. Foams smother the fire out and cool hot objects in and near flammable liquids. 6. There is a close relationship between a cloud of dense gas and a cloud of dust or powder. 7. Volatile liquids have great fire extinguishing properties.
(б) substances; combustible, burning; used, put to practical use; formed, produced; qualities; in the vicinity of, not far from; extinguishing; connection; vaporizing.