Примеры фраз:
In my paper I want to highlight ... В своем докладе я хочу осветить …
It should be said that ... Следует сказать, что …
Here we can say ... Тут мы можем сказать …
In conclusion ... В заключение …
LESSON 2. PRINCIPLES AND METHODS OF FIRE ATTACK
Грамматика: Оборот ‘there + to be’. The Infinitive. Complex Subject with the Infinitive
Словообразование: Conversion. Complex words
Текст: Principles and Methods of Fire Attack
Упражнения
Cc [k ] - concentration, combination, success, structural, basic, selection, control, classification, combustible, cooling, carbon, can, actually, conductor, react, accept, directly, electricity, difficult.
[s ] - principle, influence, electricity, once, accept, process, success, concentration.
ck [k ] - attack, check.
ch [C ] - reach, match, check.
[k ] - mechanism, chemical
gu [gw ] - extinguishment.
qu [kw ] - require, quick, square, quantity, quarter, adequate.
2. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на оборот there + to be:
1.There are four classes of fires. 2. There were too many stories in the house. 3. Were there fire-resistant blocks in the structure? 4. There is no limit to the length of a slab block. 5. There are three methods of fire attack, aren’t there? 6. There must be a load-bearing construction in the building. 7. What is there on the building site?
б) Поставьте предложения в прошедшее и будущее время.
1.The stage of the fire is the determining factor in deciding which method of attack to employ. 2. There are four basic principles that influence on how to attack a fire. 3. The selection of a fire control agent depends upon the classification of the involved fuel. 4. The firemen choose the adequate method of fire attack to control the situation. 5. Often water is the best agent to extinguish fire. 6. The surface should be watered to be cooled. 7. Sand “blanket” as one of the methods of extinguishment is temporary. 8. Some agents are used to blanket the source of ignition. 9. The best substance for attack on fuels that have been energized is a gas or dry chemical. 10. Some chemical agents are applied to extinguish fire.
agent selection; extinguishment mechanisms; agent options; oxygen deprivation; fire behavior; fire attack; combustion process; fire stream; class A combustibles; fire control agent.
1. a) desire b) desirable c) desired
2. a) extinguish b) extinguishing c) extinguishment
3. a) provide b) providing c) provision
4. a) influence b) involve c) involved
5. a) reduce b) reduction c) reducing
6. a) attack b) attacked c) attacking
7. a) fuel b) both c) deciding
8. a) stream b) cool c) apply
9. a) application b) applied c) applying
10.a) add b) addition c) additional
Например: principle, attack, control, …
accept [q‘ksept], v - принимать
behaviour [bı’heıvjq], n - поведение
both ... and, cj - как … так и …
combustible [kq m’bAstıbl], adj –горючий
combustion [kq m’bA sCqn], n -горение
desired [dı’zaıqd], adj - желаемый
direct [daı’rekt],adj - прямой
directly [daı’rektlı], adv - прямо
fire stream – пожарная струя
half-dozen [‘hRf’dAzn], - пол-дюжины
in such a way as – так, чтобы
indirect [ındı’rekt], adj - косвенный
influence [‘ınfluqns], v - влиять
involved [ın’vOlvd], adj - вовлеченный
it is generally accepted – общепринято
molten [‘m ult n], adj - расплавленный
reach [rJC], v - достигать
relate (to) [rı’leıt], v – относиться к …
simultaneously [sımq l’teınıqslı], adv –одновременно
stream [strJm], n – поток, струя
suited [‘sjHtıd], adj – пригодный, подходящий
violently [‘vaıqlqntlı], adv – сильно, очень
Carbon dioxide [‘kabn] [daı’oksaıd] – двуокись углерода
TEXT: PRINCIPLES AND METHODS OF
FIRE ATTACK
There are four basic principles that influence on how to attack a fire. The selection of a fire control agent is dependent upon the classification of the involved
fuel and the desired mechanism of extinguishment. The classification of a fuel creates a criterion for agent selection because each fuel type has reactions to different agents. There are four classes of fuels and therefore four classes of fires and perhaps a half-dozen agents to select from.
Class A combustibles are normally extinguished best by an agent that provides cooling. Water is the best agent to perform this task. However, it should be noted that even water has limitations on Class A combustibles. It sometimes requires an additional chemical to reduce its resistance to penetration.
Class B combustibles are extinguished best by gases like carbon dioxide. Also, a Class B fuel can be extinguished by foams and dry chemicals.
Class C combustibles are actually Class A or B fuels that have been energized. While they are energized, they can not be effectively attacked with any agent that is a conductor of electricity. Once the fuel is de-energized, the normal rules of extinguishment are applied. Usually, the best agent for attack on Class C fires is a gas or dry chemical.
Class D combustibles are extremely difficult to extinguish. The agents best suited for attack on them are those that do not react violently with the material while they are used to blanket the molten mass.
The stage of the fire is the determining factor in deciding which method of attack to employ.
It is generally accepted that there are three methods of fire attack. Each is directly related to fire behavior. They are: the direct method, the indirect one and the combination method.
The first method presupposes applying a fire stream directly onto the fuel involved in the combustion process. The key to the success of this method is the ability to reach the seat of the fire.
The indirect method is applying a fire stream to an area of the fire in such a way as to interfere with the combustion process without direct reaching the source of the heat. In structural fires this means applying water to the concentration of heat above burning fuel in such a way as to blanket the fire area with stream.
The combination method is applying a fire stream to both the burning fuel and to other areas of concentrated heat simultaneously, resulting in a cooling of the fuel and cooling of the atmosphere.
1. The selection of a fire control agent ... the classification of the involved ... . 2. Class A combustibles are extinguished best by ... . 3. Class B combustibles are extinguished by ... like carbon dioxide. 4. The agents for attack on class D combustibles should not ... with the material. 5. Methods of fire attack are related to ... behaviour. 6. At the ... method a fire stream is applied directly onto the fuel. 7. At the ... method a fire stream is applied to an area of the fire without reaching the source of the heat. 8. The combination method results in a ... of the fuel and the atmosphere.
Direct, indirect, fuel, water, react, cooling, gases, fire, depends upon.
1. It is important to select the proper fire control agent. 2. Water is the best agent to perform cooling. 3. Water sometimes requires an additional chemical to reduce its resistance to penetration. 4. Class D combustibles are difficult to extinguish. 5. The agents which do not react with the material are used to blanket the molten mass. 6. It is necessary to take into account the factors having influence on the process of burning. 7. A fire stream is applied to reach the seat of the fire. 8. To interfere with the combustion process without reaching the source of the heat the firemen apply the indirect method.
Образец: The parts of the building are required to withstand the effects of fire long enough. – Необходимо, чтобы части здания противостояли огню продолжительное время.
1. The class of fuel is known to be the determining criterion for selection of a fire control agent. 2. Foam is considered to be one of the agents to suppress fire. 3. Three methods of fire attack are generally accepted to employ. 4. Electrical equipment is said to be a potential source of ignition. 5. The liquid extinguishing agents happened to be ineffective on powdered metals. 6. Fire prevention engineers are supposed to coordinate and ensure the fire safety, 7. The fire is expected to be extinguished by dry chemicals. 8. The building is reported to be equipped with the automatic fire detectors.
1. (Сколько) principles influence on a fire attack? 2. (От чего) is the selection of a fire control agent dependent ... ? 3. (Какие) classes of fuels are there? 4. (Как) are class A combustibles extinguished? 5. (Что) are the best extinguishing agents of class B combustibles? 6. (Какие) agents can’t be used to attack fire with class C combustibles? 7. Class D combustibles are extremely difficult to extinguish (не так ли)? 8. (Что) is the determining factor in selecting of method of fire attack?
9. (В чем) is the essence of the direct method? 10. Does a fire stream reach the source of the heat at the indirect method? 11. (Как) is the combination method applied?