16. Mary _____________________(work) in the shop for 5 years before she became a manager.
17. Our grandmother _____________________ (cook) dinner from twelve till two yesterday.
18. They ___________________________ (walk) in the park for an hour when it began to rain.
19. This time yesterday I ___________________ (lie) on the beach.
20. They __________________(reach) the river by sunset.
Exercise 3. Put the verbs in brackets into one of the future tense forms.
1. This time next month I ___________________________ (bath) in the Baltic sea.
2. By the 8th of April my mother ____________________ (work) at school for twenty years.
3. I’m tired. I think, I ______________(go) to bed.
4. I _______________________(work) in the library all day tomorrow.
5. At four o’clock on Tuesday afternoon we _______________________(fly) over Paris.
6. They_____________________ (be) free in some minutes.
7. This time next week they __________________________ (go) to the Crimea by train.
8. She __________________(change) her books in the library tomorrow.
9. They ______________________(build) the road by the end of the year.
10. Ring me up at 4 o’clock. I__________________ (have) dinner by this time and we
________________ (go) to the concert.
11. – It’s too late to telephone Tom now. – OK. We __________(telephone) him in the morning.
12. When you come in the evening we ______________________(pack) our things.
13. I promise, I __________________(meet) you at the station.
14. We’ll come at 5 o’clock. – OK, I ____________________________(wait) for you.
15. It _________________ (stop) raining soon.
16. Susan _______________________ (type) from 6 o’clock until 8 o’clock this evening.
17. Young Billy is growing up. By this time next year he ___________________ (begin) school.
18. Don’t phone me tomorrow morning. I __________________________ (work) on my report.
19. We ______________________________ (fly) for twelve hours by the time the plane lands.
20. By this summer we ________________________(read) all the stories in the book.
Exercise 4. Choose the right variant.
1. Let's______before it______raining.
a) go out, starts c) go out, '11 start
b) to go out, starts d) going out, starts
2. Before the end of my holiday, I'm afraid, 1______all my money.
a) spend c) '11 have spent
b) spent d) '11 spend
3. Our house is similar to______.
a) them c) their
b) they d) theirs
4. He is one of______men in the world.
a) richer c) the richest
b) richest d) a rich
5.______more I got to know him,______more I liked him.
a) the, the с) а, а
b) -, - d) a, the
6. Nobody has seen Mary for days. Who was the last______her?
a) seeing c) see
b) having seen d) to see
7. It's not warm______to sit in the garden.
a) enough c) well
b) so d)too
8. What a boring film! It's the most boring film I______.
a) have never seen c) had ever seen
b) saw d) 've ever seen
9. We didn't have any money but Nick had______.
a) few c) a little
b) a few d) little
10. They tried to study but they just couldn't concentrate
a) them c) —
b) theirs d) themselves
11. Three thousand dollars______stolen in the robbery.
a) was c) is
b) were d) are
12. Unfortunately______was very shocking.
a) a news c) new
b) news d) the news
13. Do you often go to a cinema? No, it's a long time since I ______there.
a) went c) go
b) am going d) have gone
14. He_________to bed early but now he goes out every evening.
a) used to go c) used going
b) didn't use to go d) used to going
15. You won't pass the driving test unless you______more.
a) '11 practise c) don't practise
b) not practise d) practise
16. Jack is in______hospital now and his sister went to______hospital to visit him.
a) —, the c) the, the
b) -, - d) -, a
17.1 realized that my car______away by the police.
a) was taken b) has been taken
с) had been taken d) will be taken
18. "I've got few friends." "______."
a) Neither have I c) So do I
b) Neither do I d) So have I
19. In the afternoon I do some work for the big company ______my computer.
a) having used c) using
b) will using d) to use
Exercise 5. Choose the right variant.
1 He'll send her a postcard when he______on holiday.
a) was c) '11 be
b) were d) is
2. When you see her she______a red hat.
a) '11 be wearing c) '11 wear
b) wears d) wear
3.1 was astonished since I______so many people before.
a) didn't see c) have seen
b) saw d) hadn't seen
4. She is______intelligent but______lazy.
a) quite, rather c) rather, quite
b) quite, quite d) rather, rather
5. We stopped at_______pretty village on______way to______London.
a) the, -, the c) a, the —
b) a, a, - d) the, a, -
6. Who was the last person______the office last night?
a) to leave c) left
b) has left d) leaving
7. That picture is______heavy to hang on the wall.
a) enough c) such
b) so d) too
8. We______a lot of famous people in the last few weeks.
a) have met c) had met
b) met d) meet
9. I had never expected to be offered the job, I was really______when I was offered it.
a) amazing c) more amazing
b) amazed d) less amazed
10. You are always nervous and excited. Why don't you relax ______more?
a) you c) yourself
b) yours d) —
11. We went on holiday with some friends of______.
a) ours c) us
b) our d) him
12. Could you give me a lift? Ten kilometres______too far for me to walk.
a) are c) is
b) not d) aren't
13. My secretary was late for work because she______in the traffic jam.
a) got stuck c) had got stuck
b) has got stuck d) was getting stuck
14. I know he doesn't go out very often these days but ______he______out a lot?
a) did, use to go c) was, used to go
b) does, use to go d) is, used to go
15. If I knew where they were, I______you there now.
a) '11 take c) would have taken
b) would take d) took
16.______Dnieper is______longest river in______Ukraine.
a) the, the, — c) the, a, —
b) -, the, - d) -, a, -
17. You can’t get into the park after 10 p.m. because the gates ______at 10 p.m. every night.
a) is close c) close
b) are closed d) are closing
18. I much prefer______TV to______books.
a) watching, reading c) watch, read
b) to watch, to read d) to watch, reading
19. “I didn’t know that Ann was in hospital.” “______.”
a) So did I c) Neither did I
b) So was she d) Neither I did
20. It would be difficult for me______the work by the weekend.
a) to have finished c) finishing
b) to finish d) finish
Exercise 6. Choose the right variant.
I don't recall having seen you before. Are you sure we (meet)?
Sally earns a lot of money; her new job is much (good) paid than the old one.
We went to (a, the, -) Gladiator to see a new film because we (read) very good reviews. Next Saturday we (go) to Hyde Park, if it (not, rain).
I watched a documentary on TV last night. It was all about the problems (threatening, threatened) the environment. I (shock) to find out how little I (know) about globe warming or acid rains.
Nature delicately (balance) and the extinction of one species (may, must, should) have a serious effect on (other, others, the others).
It is the fault of mankind that so many species (endanger), so it's our responsibility to protect those while we still can.
(Famous) sporting event in the world, the Olympic Games, began in Greece in 776 BC.
Medieval sports were not as organized as events in ancient times: at fairs or festivals men (would, were used to) lift heavy stones and women (would, be used to) run races.
I'm sure he is not aware (at, in, of) the harm he (do) for us.
The old lady (could, was able to, must) identify the robber who (attack) her the previous day.
I'm sure that in this time of technology advances, we (find) already some way to solve the world's ecological problems.
Many people feel (happy) when they are with friends than when they are on their own.
Certain sports teams (support) by fans all over the world and individual athletes (see) as celebrities.
During the 18th and 19th centuries national organizations were formed which made sure that the rules (follow) and arranged regular sport competitions.
When I was a child, I (used to, was used to) love my dad's stories about Africa. He (work) there for many years before I was born.
This dish (make) (from, at, on) a recipe given to me by my grandfather who was (a, an, the, -) excellent cook.
My idea of an ideal holiday (change) a lot in the past few years. Nowadays, I'd much rather go away in spring when (most, most of, more) places (not, fill) with tourists.
1 have just spoken to three women, (neither, none, either) of (whom, who, them) speaks Spanish.
We (invite) some friends for dinner tonight. Would you like to join (to, at, in, -) us?
She has been waiting for him for ten years already. If she (not, love) him, she (not, wait) so long.
Many companies have a Web site that provides information on their products and services. Use a search engine to locate a company in your career field. Suppose you are a recruiter for that company and you’ll be attending a series of college career fairs. Create a one-page information flyer that you can hand out to prospective recruits. It should include: company’s name, location(s) URL, a brief description of the company’s mission, products, and services; a description of typical working conditions; instructions on how to submit a resume electronically.
Answer the questions. Then discuss in pairs.
1) How long have you been using the computer?
2) Can you program on your computer? What do you need to make programs?
3) What programming languages have you already known? Which ones are you studying at the moment?
Task 1. Read, write the translation and learn the basic vocabulary terms:
abstraction
addition
arbitrary text files
assembly code
assembly languages
asset management
binary values
built-in
compiler
concerned
concurrency
convenient
debugged
deficiency
designate
discretion
ease-to-use
encapsulation
encourage
establish
evolve
executable file
execution
extension language
facilitate
full-fledged application
garbage
heir
high-level languages
human-like words
implement
in order to run
inherent cross-platform
interpreter
low-level languages
mnemonic
natural languages
notation
object code
object-oriented programming
permanently
problem-oriented languages
procedural languages
query languages
realm
robust
source code
specificity
standpoint
statement
to hide
to interface
to join
usability
Programming languages are classified as first-, second-, third-, fourth-, or fifth- generation languages, according to when they were developed and how sophisticated they are. The first- and second-generation languages are very difficult to use and are considered low-level languages. The others are sometimes called high-level languages.