Материал: English_for_IT_I-II_years

HotTEA - HotTEA is an implementation of the BASIC language written in Java. You can implement applications for Internet or Intranet systems in a fraction of the time it takes to learn JAVA but with all the inherent cross-platform and security features that JAVA provides.

A COBOL Interpreter - COBOL Interpreter is a compact and easy to use. Currently still under development, this interpreter implements some new language features that are very useful. One such feature is the DELIMITED WITH option on the OPEN statement.

Using this feature you can quickly develop simple COBOL data conversion programs to convert data that would normally require manually importing data into a database or spreadsheet product and then exporting the data to a file with the required format. Interpreted COBOL programs are very useful when interfaces need be built to convert delimited text file data provided by one system to a different file format required by the interfacing system.

Group B

EIFFEL - is a pure object-oriented language, designed for building robust applications, using programming by contract. Eiffel is an advanced object-oriented method and language that emphasizes the design and construction of high-quality reusable software, based on the principles of Design by Contract.

Java & JDK - An object oriented language initially targeted in making nicer web page. It has evolved into much more. It is becoming known as a computing platform — the base upon which software developers can build applications. Developers can build a variety of applications using Java — traditional spreadsheets and word processors in addition to mission critical applications used by the biggest companies: accounting, asset management, databases, human resources and sales.

LISP- high-level language for:

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a branch of computer science concerned with making computers behave like humans. This includes giving expert advice, understanding a natural language, speaking like a human, and recognizing complex patterns like handwriting. The 3 most useful AI Programs today are Expert Systems (solve real world problems by following the same IF/THEN rules a human expert follows), Natural Language (focuses on getting computers to understand spoken or typed language), and Neural Networks (a digitized model of a human brain, simulated in the binary memory of computer).

Modula-3 - is a member of the Pascal family of languages. Designed in the late 1980s at Digital Equipment Corporation and Olivetti, Modula-3 corrects many of the deficiencies of Pascal and Modula-2 for practical software engineering. In particular, Modula-3 keeps the simplicity of type safety of the earlier languages, while providing new facilities for exception handling, concurrency, object-oriented programming, and automatic garbage collection. Modula-3 is both a practical implementation language for large software projects and an excellent teaching language.

Group C

Perl - It is an interpreted language optimized for scanning arbitrary text files, extracting information from those text files, and printing reports based on that information. It's also a good language for many system management tasks.

PostScript - is a programming language optimized for printing graphics and text (whether on paper, film, or CRT is immaterial). In the jargon of the day, it is a page description language. The main purpose of PostScript was to provide a convenient language in which to describe images in a device independent manner.

Prolog - is a logical and a declarative programming language. The name itself, Prolog, is short for PROgramming in LOGic. It was designed to facilitate natural language processing.

Python - is an interpreted, interactive, object-oriented programming language. Python combines remarkable power with very clear syntax. It has modules, classes, exceptions, very high level dynamic data types, and dynamic typing. There are interfaces to many system calls and libraries, as well as to various windowing systems. New built-in modules are easily written in C or C++. Python is also usable as an extension language for applications that need a programmable interface.

TXL - TXL is a unique programming language and rapid prototyping system specifically designed to support source text analysis and transformation tasks. It is particularly well suited to tasks that involve structural analysis and transformation of formal notations such as programming languages, specification languages, and structured document notations.

Task 9. Make a summary to report to the rest of the class.

Task 10. What do these abbreviations stand for?

55. OOP

56. BARSIC

57. AI

58. PROLOG

SPEAKING

1. What programming languages are designed to be used in science, education? Which ones are more useful in business, engineering? What programming languages are specially designed to work with web-pages in Internet?

2. What do you think about the prospects of programming languages development?

3. Try to make predictions for the next 10 years. What kind of new PL will appear? Which ones will become outdated in your opinion?

WORD FORMATION:

PREFIXES

When you are reading, you will come across unfamiliar words. It is often possible to guess the

meanings of these words if you understand the way words in English are generally formed.

prefix→ stem ←suffix

An English word can be divided into three parts: a prefix, a stem, and a suffix. Pre - means 'before'. A prefix, therefore, is what comes before the stem. Consider, as an example, the prefix de- (meaning 'reduce' or 'reverse') in a word like demagnetize (meaning 'to deprive of magnetism'). A suffix is what is attached to the end of the stem. Consider, as an example, the suffix -er (meaning 'someone who') in programmer ('a person who programs'). Suffixes change the word from one part of speech to another. For example, -ly added to the adjective quick gives the adverb quickly. Prefixes, on the other hand, usually change the meaning of the word. For example, un- changes a word to the negative. Unmagnetizable means 'not capable of being magnetized'. Let us now consider some prefixes, their usual meanings, and how they change the meanings of English words.

Verb Prefix Meaning Example

Em- put into empower

En- ‘ ‘ encourage

Dis- opposite/not disappear/dislike

Mis- wrongly mistake/ misunderstand

Over- too much overdo/overcook

Re- again replay/reuse

Un- reverse action unload/untie

Under- too little undercook

Adj.Prefix Meaning Example

Il- opposite/not illegal/illegible

Im- opposite/not impossible/immodest

In- opposite/not incorrect/insensitive

Inter- between international

Ir- opposite/not irrelevant/irresponsible

Non- not non-smoker/non-alcoholic

Over- too much overweight

Un- opposite unfair/unkind

Under- too little underweight

Exercise 1. Read the following sentences and circle the prefixes. For each word that has a prefix, try to decide what the prefix means. Refer back to the table if you need help.

1. Floppy disks are inexpensive and reusable. 2. If a printer malfunctions, you should check the interface cable. 3. The multiplexor was not working because someone had disconnected it by mistake. 4. Improper installation of the antiglare shield will make it impossible to read what is on the screen. 5. After you transfer text using the 'cut and paste' feature, you may have to reformat the text you have inserted. 6. You can maximize your chances of finding a job if you are bilingual or even trilingual. 7. Peripheral devices can be either input devices (such as keyboards) or output devices (such as printers). 8. Your pay rise is retroactive to the beginning of June and you will receive a biannual bonus. 9. The octal and hexadecimal systems are number systems used as a form of shorthand in reading groups of four binary digits. 10. As the results are irregular, the program will have to be rewritten.

Exercise 2. Fill in the gaps with the correct prefix from the following list

auto de dec inter maxi mega micro mini mono multi semi sub

1. Most people prefer a colour screen to a ______ chrome screen. 2. _____script is a character or symbol written below and to the right of a number or letter, often used in science. 3. A ____byte equals approximately one million bytes. 4. Once you finish your program, you will have to test it and ______bug it to remove all 114 the mistakes. 5. The introduction of _____conductor technology revolutionized the computer industry. 6. If a computer system has two or more central processors which are under common control, it is called a ________processor system. 7. The _____imal system is a number system with a base of 10. 8. When the user and the computer are in active communication on a graphics system, we refer to this as ______active graphics.

Exercise 3. Complete the sentences with the word given and one of the prefixes listed above.

1 This meat is...............................and it’s still raw. I don’t like it. (cook)

2 This morning I .......................and I was late for work (sleep)

3 This composition is badly done. You’ll have to ................. it. (write)

4 The.....................in the film was Angelina Jolie .(star)

5 They .................................me in that restaurant. It was really very expensive. (charge)

6 After demolishing the old school, they are now .............................a new one. (build)

7 What do you .................................for my future? (see)

8 The room was ........................................It was very hot indeed. (heated)

9 I saw a film about a famous Western ........................... (law)

10 That supermarket is .............................its products. Let’s go shopping there. (sell)

11 During the war they built ............................shelters. (ground)

12 Don’t .....................................Take it easy. (do)

13 They have .........................the cinema they had closed down . (open).

Exercise 4. Translate the following words paying attention to the use of negative prefixes

dis-, in-, ип-, поп-, ir-

dis-: disadvantage; disconnect; disappear; disclose; discom­fort; discontinue; discount; discredit; discriminate; disintegrate.

in-: invisible; inaccurate; inactive; incapable; incompact; insignificant; inhuman; informal; ineffective; indifferent; inde­cisive; inconsumable; incorrect.

un-: uncontrollable; unbelievable; unable; unchanged; un­comfortable; uncommunicative; undisciplined; unexpected; unfavourable; unforgettable; unkind.

поп-: non-effective; non-aggressive; noncomparable; non-computable; non-constant; non-controllable; non-digital; non-dimensional; non-programmable; non-usable.

ir-: irregular; irrelative; irresponsive; irrational; irreplaceable; irrecognizable.

GRAMMAR REVISION

Exercise 5. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses.

1. They _____________________________________ your lessons. (not like)

2. While we _____________________________ to the station it _________________to snow, (drive) (begin)

3. Watch this runner. He _______________________________ (win).

4. After the centre forward ______________________________ the first goal the fans __________________ mad (score) (go)

5. I _____________________________ a shooting star ( never see)

6. We ______________________________ the results tomorrow. (know)

7. Diana _______________________________ Beethoven's moonlight sonata last night. (play)

8. She _____________________________ you are an old fool. (think)

9. Bob __________________________ three letters since breakfast. (write)

10. Kate _______________________________________ in London (not live)

11. She _____________________________ me an answer when I asked her. (not give)

12. After Jane _________________________________ a fashion magazine she ____________ the piano, (read) (practise)

13. Our landlady ___________________________ us a cup of tea last night. (give)

14. Mr Brightwell ______________________________(phone) his secretary all day long .

15. I _________________________ any dressmaking since I left school, (not do)

16. Mr Bellows _____________________ from the USA. (just arrive)

17. Mr Brown __________________________________ a letter every day. (write)

18. Mrs Mauldling __________________________ the letter immediately after she ___________________________it (post) (finish)

19. The Smiths ________________________________ yet. (not come)

20. I __________________________________ two exercises, would you like to do the third? (correct)

Exercise 6. Choose the right tenses.

The Little Girl and the Wolf

One afternoon a big wolf … (to wait) in a dark forest for a little girl to come along carrying a basket of food to her grandmother. He (to wait) for an hour and a half and was about to loose his patience. Finally a little girl did come along and she … (to carry) a basket of food. ‘(to carry) that basket to your grandmother?’ asked the wolf. The little girl said yes, she was. So the wolf … (ask) her where her mother (to live) and the little girl … (to tell) him and he ... (disappear) into the wood.

When the little girl ... (to open) the door of her grandmother’s house she … (to understand) that something (to happen). There (to be) somebody in bed with a nightcap and nightgown on. She … (to approach) no nearer than twenty-five feet from the bed when she ... (to see) that it was not her grandmother but the wolf, for even in a nightcap a wolf (not to look) in the least like anybody’s grandmother. So the little girl ... (to lake) an automatic pistol out of her basket and … (to shoot) the wolf dead.

Moral: It is not so easy to fool little girls nowadays as it used to be.