Grammar revision

Exercise 16. Use any appropriate tense for the verbs in parentheses.

1. My grandfather ______________________ (fly, never) in an airplane, and he has no intention of ever doing so.

2. Jane isn't here yet. I _______________________ (wait) for her since noon, but she still _________________.(arrive, not)

3. In all the world, there _____________________________ (be) only 14 mountains that _________________ (reach) above 8,000 meters (26,247 feet).

4. I have a long trip ahead of me tomorrow, so I think I'd better go to bed. But let me say good-bye now because I won't see you in the morning. I _____________ (leave, already) by the time you ________________ (get) up.

5. Right now we ______________________________ (have) a heat wave. The temperature ____________ (be) in the upper 90's for the last six days.

6. Last night I _____________________ (go) to a party. When I _______________ (get) there, the room was full of people. Some of them _________________ (dance) and others _________________ (talk). One young woman _____________________ (stand) by herself. I ___________________ (meet, never) her, so I _______________________________ (introduce) myself to her.

7. About three yesterday afternoon, Jessica _______________ (lie) in bed reading a book. Suddenly she ______________________ (hear) loud noise and ___________ (get) up to see what it was. She _____________________ (look) out the window. A truck __________________________ (back, just) into her new car!

8. Next month I have a week's vacation. I _________________ (plan) to take a trip. First, I _________________ (go) to Madison, Wisconsin, to visit my brother. After I ________________ (leave) Madison, I ________________ (go) to Chicago to see a friend who _________________ (study) at a university there. She ______________________ (live) in Chicago for three years, so she ___________________ (know) her way around the city. She _____________________ (promise) to take me to many interesting places. I ________________ (be, never) in Chicago, so I ___________________ (look) forward to going there.

9. Yesterday while I ______________________ (sit) in class, I __________________ (get) the hiccups. The person who ______________________(sit) next to me told me to hold my breath. I _________________ (try) that, but it didn't work. The instructor______________________ (lecture) and I didn't want to interrupt him, so I just sat there trying to hiccup quietly. Finally, after I __________________ (hiccup) for almost five minutes, I _________________________ (raise) my hand and ___________________ (excuse) myself from the class to go get a drink of water.

10. The weather has been terrible lately. It ______________________ (rain) off and on for two days, and the temperature _______________ (drop)at least twenty degrees. It____________________ (be) in the low 40's right now. Just three days ago, the sun _________________________ (shine) and the weather was pleasant. The weather certainly _________________________ (change) quickly here. I never know what to expect. Who knows? When I _____________________________ (wake) up tomorrow morning, maybe it ____________________________ (snow).

Writing

You will find some advantages and some disadvantages of a network. Link them as in the example.

Example:

Linking some of the advantages and disadvantages of a network.

1. Although networks allow data to be shared, they permit viruses to spread quickly.

2. Users can share software on the server; however server failure means that no one can work.

3. Networks are more vulnerable to viruses; however it is easier to check for viruses.

4. Although maintenance is easier, networks require more expertise to maintain.

5. Networks are more complex to set up; however maintenance is easier.

6. Although access to the system can be controlled, networks are more vulnerable to viruses.

7. Hardware and software can be shared; however the whole network depends on the central server.

Disadvantages

1. Hardware and software can be shared.

2. Access to the system can be controlled.

3. Networks are more complex to set up.

4. Networks are more expensive to set up.

5. Maintenance is easier.

6. Networks are more vulnerable to viruses.

7. Users can communicate easily with each other.

8. It is easier to check for viruses.

9. The whole network depends on the central server.

10. It is easier to make backups.

11. Networks require more expertise to maintain.

Ways to minimize disadvantages of a network.

1. Employ well trained computing staff.

2. Use standard systems.

3. Try to negotiate bulk discounts.

4. Use thin clients instead of full computers.

5. Install an anti-virus program on the server.

6. Schedule frequent virus checks on the server.

7. Buy a good quality server.

8. Buy as powerful a server as you can afford.

9. Purchase a server with hot-swappable components.

10. Install a RAID system on the server.

11. Have a good training scheme for computing personnel.

Unit 12 the world wide web

Vocabulary Bank Unit 12

Task 1. Read, write the translation and learn the basic vocabulary terms:

1. alter

2. amenable

3. boot destructive

4. bulletin board

5. censorship advocates

6. conferred

7. conversion routines

8. cyber censorship

9. detonator

10. devote

11. distribute

12. diverse

13. erase

14. explosion

15. facilitate

16. foreign

17. free speech supporters

18. from scratch

19. fulfil

20. heritage

21. high-energy physics

22. hire

23. household

24. illegally copied

25. infector

26. irresponsible

27. manually embedding

28. objectionable

29. obscene

30. occasional

31. offensive speech

32. on the fly

33. opposed

34. professional-looking site

35. punishable

36. rarely

37. recruit

38. related

39. replicate itself

40. request

41. retrieve

42. rigorous

43. root directory

44. search query

45. set off

46. sophisticated tools

47. sort out

48. sovereign states

49. subdirectories

50. to hinge

51. to preserve

52. trace

53. trigger

54. unlinked files

55. unsavoury material

56. unwanted program

57. virus shields

58. write-protect tab

Task 1. Read the text and translate it.

Text 12 a. The world wide web

The World Wide Web began in 1989 as a project by high-energy physics researchers in Switzerland to distribute research Internet to fellow physicists. Since then, the Web has rapidly moved into the forefront of Internet technologies. More people use the Web on the Internet than all other technologies on the Net combined. To most of the general public, the Web is synonymous with the Internet itself and is, in fact, thought by many to have played the dominant role in moving the Internet from an academic research tool to a household word.

The Web is an abstract (imaginary) space of information. On the Web, you find documents, sounds, videos, and information. On the Web connections are hypertext links. The Web uses a writing technology called hypertext. A hypertext is a group of unlinked files. Hypertext is a key concept for understanding today’s Web, but the idea of hypertext originated much earlier than the Web or even the Internet. Two of the most important elements of the Web-Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) – contain “hypertext” in their names.

HTTP is a protocol that works with TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) to get Web resources to your desktop. A web resource can be defined as any chunk of data that has a URL, such as an HTML document, a graphic, or a sound file. HTTP includes commands called “methods” that help your browser communicate with web servers. GET is the most frequently used HTTP method. The GET method is typically used to retrieve the text and graphics files necessary for displaying a Web page. This method can also be used to pass a search query to a file server. HTTP transports your browser’s requests for a Web resource to a Web server. Next, it transports the Web server’s response back to your browser.

HTML is a set of specifications for creating HTML documents that a browser can display as a Web page. HTML is called a markup language because authors mark up their documents by inserting special instructions, called HTML tags that specify how the document should appear when displayed on a computer screen or printed.

On today’s Web, many aspects of hypertext have become a reality. A typical Web page is based on a document stored in a file and identified by a unique address called a URL (Uniform Resource Locator). To access any one of these documents, you can type its URL. You can also click an underline word or phrase called a hypertext link (or simply a “link”) to access related Web pages.

HTTP and HTML are two of the major ingredients that define the Web. If you add URLs, browsers, and Web servers to this recipe, you’ll have a pretty complete menu of the basic technologies that make the Web work.

A web server stores data from Web pages that form a Web site. One way to store data for a Web page is as a file called an HTML document – a plain text, document with embedded HTML tags. Some of these tags specify how the document is to be displayed when viewed in a browser. Other tags contain links to related document, graphics, sound, and video files that are stored on Web servers. As an alternative to HTML documents, Web servers can store Web page data in other types of files, such as databases. Data from product databases, college course schedules, and music catalogues can be assembled into HTML format “on the fly” in response to Web requests.

To surf the Web, you use Web client software called a browser. When you type a URL into the browser’s Address box, you are requesting HTML data for a specific Web page. Your browser creates a request for the data by using the HTTP “GET” command.

A Web server is configured to include HTTP software. This software is always running when the server is “up” and ready to fulfill requests. One of the server’s ports is dedicated to listening for HTTP requests. When a request arrives, the server software analyzes it and takes whatever action is necessary to fulfill it.

The computer that runs Web software might have other software running on it as well. For example, a computer might operate as a Web server, as an e-mail server, and as an FTP (File Transfer Protocol) server all at the same time! To efficiently handle these diverse duties, a computer devotes one port to HTTP requests, one port to handling e-mail, and another port to FTP requests.

A browser is a software program that on your computer and helps you access Web pages. Technically, a browser is the client half of the client/server software that facilitates communication between a personal computer and a Web server. The browser is installed on your computer, and Web server software is installed on servers connected to the Internet.

Your browser plays two key roles. First, it uses HTTP to send messages to a Web server – usually a request for a specific HTML document from Web server, your browser interprets the HTML tags to display requested Web page. Today’s popular browsers are Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Opera, Google Chrome.

A Web site is a group of related Web pages. The Web site is the master address, and the individual Web pages are like subdirectories to that root directory. Many businesses are creating Web sites for their customers to use. These sites may include price list, information about products, and comparisons of product features with those of competing products. Many sites even allow customers to order products over the Web. Because your site is representing you on the Web, you will want the site to look impressive. For a professional-looking site, you may want to hire a firm that creates Web sites. Such firms employ HTML experts as well as graphic designers and marketing specialists.

Task 2. Match the meaning of the following English words and their Ukrainian equivalents.

Task 3. Choose the ending for each sentence from the two versions given.

1. One way to store data for a web page is

a) a file called an HTML document.

b) a unique address called a URL.

2. Some of these tags specify how the document is

a) to be displayed when viewed in a browser.

b) to be identified by a unique address.

3. Business sites may include

a) price list, information about products and comparisons of product features with those of competing products.

b) related document, graphics, sound and video files.

4. HTTP is

a) a protocol that works with TCP/IP to get Web resources to your desktop.

b) a set of specifications for creating HTML documents that a browser can display as a Web page.

5. Your browser creates a request for the data by

a) using the HTTP “GET” command.

b) using Web pages.

6. The Get method can be used to