a) pass a search query to a file server.
b) listen for HTTP requests.
Task 4. Vocabulary practice. Which word does not belong to the group?
a) documents, specifications, protocols, commands;
b) file, database, data, directory;
c) screen, display, desktop, browser;
d) connections, links, addresses, sites;
e) query, request, response, port.
Task 5. Complete the sentences using one of the given endings.
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Task 6. Transform the given sentences using the word in brackets without any change in the meaning.
1) When you type a … into the browser’s address box, you are requesting HTML data from a specific Web page.
a) HTML b) URL c) HTTP d) TCP
2) A … is a software program that runs on your computer and helps you access Web pages.
a) Web server b) e-mail server c) FTP server d) browser
3) Your browser creates a … for the data by using the HTTP “GET” command.
a) response b) request c) message d) instruction
4) Technically, a browser is the client half of the client/server software that facilitates communication between a personal computer and a… .
a) Web server b) e-mail server c) FTP server d) web site
5) HTML is a set of specifications for creating … that a browser can display as a Web page.
a) HTML documents b) graphics c) sound d) video files
Task 7. Fill in the gaps with appropriate words.
Many software tools are available today that make it easy to create Web pages. A Web page author can use a ___ editor, such as Notepad, to create Web pages “from scratch” by manually embedding HTML tags within the text of a document. It is also possible to use the HTML conversion routines included with many standard software applications. Another route is to use specialized Web ___ software, such as Microsoft FrontPage.
An HTML document is divided into two sections. The ___ section contains information used to define global properties for the document. The ___ section contains the text you want the browser to display, the HTML tags that format the text, and a variety of links. In addition to embedding HTML tags within the text, a Web page can be formatted with a ___ style sheet, which allows Web page designers to change formats throughout an HTML document without modifying individual HTML tags. To control the position of text and graphics on a Web page, many authors place these elements in the cells of a Web page ___.
Task 8. Read the text and find the answers to the questions.
What is a computer virus?
How does a virus work?
Text 12 B. COMPUTER VIRUSES.HOW COMPUTER VIRUSES WORK
A computer virus - an unwanted program that has entered your system without you knowing about it - has two parts, which I’ll call the infector and the detonator. They have two very different jobs. One of the features of a computer virus that separates it from other kinds of computer program is that it replicates itself, so that it can spread (via flash cards transported from computer to computer, or networks) to other computers.
After the infector has copied the virus elsewhere, the detonator performs the virus’s main work. Generally, that work is either damaging data on your disks, altering what you see on your computer display, or doing something else that interferes with the normal use of your computer.
The sources seem to be service people, pirated games, putting flash cards in publicly available PCs without write-protect tabs, commercial software (rarely), and software distributed over computer bulletin board systems (also quite rarely).
Many viruses have spread through pirated – illegally copied or broken games. This is easy to avoid. Pay for your games, fair and square.
If you see a shared PC or a PC that has public access, such as one in a college PC lab or library, be very careful about putting flash cards into that PC’s drives without a write-protect tab. Carry a virus-checking program and scan the PC before letting it write data onto floppies.
Despite the low incidence of actual viruses, it can’t hurt to run a virus-checking program now and then. There are actually two kinds of antivirus programs: virus shields, which detect viruses as they are infecting your PC, and virus scanners which detect viruses once they’ve infected you.
Task 9. Match the words and definitions listed below
1) |
a detonator |
a) |
a protective device |
2) |
an infector |
b) |
to remove all traces of something |
3) |
to boot destructive |
c) |
a device used to set off an explosion or other process |
4) |
to trigger |
d) |
to discover or recognize that something is present |
5) |
to erase |
e) |
to set a process in motion |
6) |
pirated |
f) |
something which transmits a disease or virus |
7) |
a shield |
g) |
stolen, obtained without the owner’s consent |
8) |
to detect |
h) |
to load the operating system into memory |
Task 10. Decide whether the following statements are true [T] or false [F] in relation to the information in the text. If you feel a statement is false, change it to make it true
Viruses cannot be spread through a computer network, only via flash cards transported from computer to computer. [ ]
The virus will spread as soon as you put the infected flashcard in your PC. [ ]
The infector works by interfering in some way with the normal use of your computer. [ ]
Most viruses spread through pirated games. [ ]
You should run an antivirus program every time you use your computer. [ ]
There are not very many viruses in circulation. [ ]
Virus shields are more effective than virus scanners. [ ]
Task 11. Translate the following sentences from Ukrainian into English. Mind grammar
1. Комп'ютерні віруси, як і справжні біологічні віруси, є переносниками елементарної інформації, яка при вбудовуванні (to embed) в логічну структуру програми змушує її виконувати шкідливі дії, або просто уповільнює її роботу.
2. Лікування комп'ютерних вірусів — досить непросте завдання, адже далеко не у всіх випадках програму можна вилікувати, не пошкодивши її.
3. Кожен рік збільшення числа комп'ютерних вірусів змушує виробників антивірусних програм випускати доповнення для вірусних баз, а також оновлення програм-ревізорів.
4. Для профілактики (preventive measures) зараження вірусом рекомендується не запускати на комп'ютері програми, джерело яких ненадійний або невідомий, а також проводити регулярне сканування жорсткого диска і пам'яті.
5. Активізація багатьох вірусів відбувається в будь-які певні дні — в п'ятницю 13-го, в свята, в інші пам'ятні дати або навіть в день народження автора вірусу.
Critical thinking. Read the article and express your opinion on the problem.
The Internet offers instant access to information across national and cultural borders, but along with helpful information the Internet hosts a disturbing amount of unsavory material. Militias and hate groups use Web sites to recruit new members and spread their views. International terrorists use Web sites as recruiting tools and for boasting about suicide bombings. Criminals, anarchists and dissenters post guidebooks and tips on how to do all kinds of illegal activities, from making suitcase bombs to spreading viruses.
Some advocate cyber censorship to irresponsible Web sites, blogs and discussion groups. Cyber censorship typically means blocking access to Web sites, but it can also mean closing sites and removing them from host servers. Censorship advocates are opposed by free speech supporters. The controversy over censorship is not new. In most cases words are acceptable, whereas actions can be punishable. But in some cases, words are punishable, too.
A second censorship guideline hinges on local standards of morality. Local communities can apply their own standards to determine whether material is obscene.
However, local standards are difficult to sort out on the Internet where a Web surfer in Tennessee can easily access Web sites, bulletin boards and chart groups that originate from anywhere in the world.
The U. S. Supreme Court supports the concepts of cyber zones that limit Net access to certain materials. It is possible to construct barriers in cyberspace and use them to screen for identity, making cyberspace more like the physical world and more amenable to zoning laws. As an example, AOL is trying to develop a family - friendly Internet portal by enforcing policies against offensive speech.
But in some countries cyber citizens have no choice but to use a government-controlled ISP. In many countries, free speech is not a basic right conferred to all citizens. Many dictatorial regimes want their citizens to receive news from the outside world only after government censor has screened it. Officials in more than 20 countries use sophisticated tools to block Web sites, filter e-mail, and censor discussion groups.
China has some of the most rigorous Internet censorship in the world. The “Great Firewall of China” as it is sometimes called, blocks Internet content by preventing IP addresses of objectionable sites from being routed through its gateways into China. In Iran, government censors monitor political and news Web sites. In Saudi Arabia if you tried to open “Rolling Stone” magazine’s Web site, you would find that access has been denied. The Saudi government claims it censors the Internet to preserve culture and heritage.
That argument in many ways reflects the concept of cyber zones that conform to local standards of morality. Even free-speech activists seem to agree. They say, “We do think that information should be free, but we do need to find a balance for respect for sovereign states to preserve their own culture.”
Despite such cultural sensitivity, technology giants, such as Microsoft, Yahoo! and Cisco Systems have been criticized for providing foreign government with tools for blocking culturally objectionable sites.
1. Should government be allowed to block access to Web sites based on local religions, politics and customs?
2. Do you believe that a privately held ISP like AOL has the right to censor the data posted on Web sites it hosts?
3. Should companies like Microsoft, Yahoo! and Cisco Systems provide blocking technology to foreign government?
Exercise 1. Put the verbs in brackets into one of the present tense forms.
1. Look! She __________________ ( wear) the same shoes as me.
2. Vegetarians are people who ___________________(not eat) meat.
3. Someone ___________________ (take) my bicycle.
4. I often ____________ (see) him but I never ________________(speak) to him.
5. I ______________ (buy) a new carpet. Come and look at it.
6. It ____________________ (not rain) here since March.
7. My friends ______________ (like) meat but ___________________(not like) fish.
8. Where is Tom? - He _________________ (lie) under the car.
9. She’s a school teacher. She _________________ (teach) maths.
10. How long you ____________________ (live) here?
11. How often you ___________________ (fall) in love?
12. The postman usually ________________ (come) at 9 in the morning.
13. Hey! Somebody _____________________ (drink) my coffee! My cup was full.
14. I _____________________ (sit) here in the park for an hour, and I ___________ (meet) three friends of mine.
15. I already __________________ (break) two plates. Shall I go on washing up?
16. I have a car but I ___________________ (not use) it very often.
17. They __________________________ (talk) so loudly that we can’t really hear your words.
18. Phil is happy. He___________________ (find) a new job.
19. Alice never ________________ (go) to work by bus.
20. I ________________(lose) my key. I must look for it in my bag.
Exercise 2. Put the verbs in brackets into one of the past tense forms.
1. When I arrived at his house he still _______________________(sleep).
2. A few months ago they _______________ (begin) to build a new block of flats in this street.
3. They _____________________________ (walk) in the park for an hour when it began to rain.
4. When the door-bell __________(ring) he __________(stand up) and _______(go) to the door.
5. The fire still ______________________(burn) at 6 o’clock this morning.
6. Last summer I _______________(visit) Riga. I ______________ (enjoy) my trip very much.
7. She cut her finger while she ____________________ (cut) the bread and butter.
8. He ___________________ (come) home by 6 o’clock yesterday.
9. When _______she ___________ (speak) to him? - She ___________ (speak) to him last week.
10. The car already ______________ (go) when I ______________(look) into the street.
11. I _____________(meet) him when he __________________(cross) the street.
12. Last term Ann ________________(make) good progress in her English.
13. When I ____________(get) out, the sun _______________________(shine).
14. Ann ___________(buy) herself a new dress yesterday. She __________(pay) 3 pounds for it.
15. They _______________(eat) everything by the time I ______________(arrive) at the party.