skilled labour – квалифицированный труд
precision instruments – точные инструменты
chemicals – изделия химической промышленности
wool – шерсть
woolen – шерстяной
leather – кожа (выделанная)
steel - сталь
to disperse - рассредоточивать
to make progress – делать успехи
aircraft industry – авиационная промышленность
atomic power – атомная энергия
to make emphasis on smth. – делать упор на что-либо, придавать
особое значение чему-либо
war industry – военная промышленность
Tasks after the text:
to can – консервировать
to package – упаковывать, паковать
a heavy industry – тяжелая промышленность
a light industry – легкая промышленность
textile – текстильный
research – научно-исследовательская работа, научные исследования
a labour-saving machine – машина, экономящая труд
in the past few years – за последние несколько лет
a scientist – ученый
a plant – завод
to do away with smth. – покончить с чем-либо, ликвидировать что-либо
labour productivity – производительность труда
to make a discovery – делать открытие
physics – физика
chemistry – химия
to distribute smth. – распределять что-либо
unevenly – неравномерно
an enterprise – предприятие
grain - зерно
Tasks after the text:
1. The United States of America is rich in natural resources such as …
(copper; uranium ore; oil; zinc; silver; gold; iron ore; nickel; platinum).
2. The USA is a highly industrialized country, with various branches of heavy
industry prevailing, namely … (mining; engineering; shipbuilding;
the automobile industry, the metallurgical industry; the textile industry;
the wood-working industry; the war industry).
3. A great deal of attention in American industry is devoted to ... (increasing
labour productivity; improving the working conditions; the use of labour-
saving machines; management training).
4. Mechanization and automation lead to … (unemployment; increasing labour productivity; increasing the profits of big monopolies; increasing the cost of living).
5. American industry is spreading out as there is a tendency to … (build
factories and plants in big industrial centers; build factories and plants
closer to markets and natural resources; devote more attention to
management training).
6. Good transportation facilities and rapid communication systems make it
possible for America's industry to ... (introduce automation; build branch
factories far removed from the home plants).
America's leading exports are ... (electrical machinery; gold; uranium ore;
grain; oil products; textiles; ships; chemicals; iron; coal; copper).
1. What are the main natural resources of the USA?
2. How is the coal mined in the USA mainly used?
3. What are America's main industries?
4. Where are most of the industrial enterprises located?
5. What are the leading exports of the USA?
6. What can you say about America's agriculture?
1. Is the USA an agricultural country or...?
2. Have the natural resources of the USA been exhausted or are they still...?
5. Are most of the industrial enterprises located in the eastern part of the
country or…?
4. Does the USA import industrial and electrical machinery or does it...?
1. The United States of America is rich in natural resources, such as...
2. The USA is a highly industrialized country with various branches of heavy
industry prevailing, namely...
3. A great deal of attention in American industry is devoted to …
4. The American industry is spreading out as there is a tendency to …
5. Good transportation facilities and rapid communication systems....
6. The leading exports are...
7. The main crops grown in the USA are...
8. In the USA they breed...
1. The USA has very few natural resources. 2. Four-fifths of the iron ore comes from California. 3. Most of the coal mined in the USA is used by power plants to produce electricity. 4. The resources of iron ore and coal in the USA have been completely exhausted. 5. The USA has no heavy industry. 6. Automation helps to do away with unemployment in the USA. 7. Most of the industrial enterprises are located in the western part of the country. 8. The USA trades only with Canada. 9. The leading exports of the USA are fruit and vegetables. 10. Big monopolies make huge profits on producing armaments.
Экономика США
Соединенные Штаты Америки – развитая страна с рыночной экономикой. Большая часть ее отраслей промышленности и сферы услуг находятся в частной собственности.
США богаты полезными ископаемыми. Основными полезными ископаемыми являются железная руда, уголь и нефть. США имеют высокоразвитую промышленность с различными отраслями тяжелой и легкой промышленности. Основные отрасли ее тяжелой промышленности – металлургическая, автомобильная, химическая и военная. Многие отрасли легкой промышленности, такие, например, как деревообрабатывающая, текстильная и пищевая, также высоко развиты.
Большое внимание в США уделяется научно-исследовательской работе и использованию машин, экономящих труд. Механизация и автоматизация делают возможным ликвидировать многие виды канцелярской работы, ускорить производство и повысить производительность труда. Но они ведут к дальнейшему росту безработицы. За последние годы число ученых и инженеров почти удвоилось, а число рабочих возросло только на несколько процентов. Большое внимание уделяется также подготовке руководящих кадров.
Американская промышленность распределена неравномерно. Большая часть промышленных предприятий сосредоточена в восточной части страны. Однако имеется тенденция строить заводы и фабрики вдали от крупных промышленных центров, ближе к источникам сырья и рынкам. Новые отрасли промышленности создаются по мере того, как делаются открытия в физике, химии и других науках.
США ведут торговлю со многими странами. Ведущими статьями экспорта являются электронное оборудование, изделия химической промышленности, текстиль, железо, уголь, зерно и другие товары.
Одной из ведущих отраслей американской промышленности является военная промышленность. Крупные монополии извлекают огромную прибыль из производства вооружения.
the main branches of heavy (light) industry
in the past few years
make discoveries
be distributed unevenly
there is a tendency
make great emphasis on smth.
make it possible for smb. to do smth.
the leading exports
The economy of Russia is the eighth largest economy in the world by nominal value. Despite Russia being a developing country it has one of the highest GDP per capita among the developing World.
The Russian Federation is one of the world's richest countries in terms of mineral resources. The country has an abundance of natural resources, including timber, precious metals, and fuels. Currently it extracts 17% of the world's oil, 30% of the natural gas, 6% of the coal, 14% of iron ore and 20% of rare and precious metals. The reserves are largely concentrated in Siberia and the Urals.
Russia is a big industrial country. Its producing enterprises are in several industrial regions. But in recent years enterprises have suffered a serious deficiency of finance, they do not have the necessary funds. The companies also suffer severe shortages of working capital. They need the technical re-equipping and development.
Economic policy should continue to encourage the growth of new enterprises, and the restructing of those inherited enterprises which find a market to survive.
Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russia has undergone significant changes, moving from a centrally planned economy to a market globally integrated economy. Russia has tried to develop a market economy and achieve consistent economic growth.
The difficulties result from the period of economic transition to a market economy. Economic reforms in the 1990s privatized many sectors of industry and agriculture. Now Russia has a mostly privatized economy. It has brought inflation down and it has a stock market. The country needs to narrow a huge budget deficit by government spending and improving tax collection and to force an underground economy into the sunlight. But it is easier said than done.