)% 1216*# +, !;%4 '*+& +, 5# # /$ )2!,G ! # !4(, &! A%2%4 , )%* , ;!" 12& ; 5# # 5# !&&G, )# +;(, A1%A2!F /, )2#2%4%-&! (, ! 2%&%; /, !2#F;1 #:#,
A1%;1 2 /.
=- 15 – 17 J.-J. ( % #4 *'L 2# -! 4!&&' ;%2!*+&%A% #$% !&&': #$% !&&' 4%=2#$ )%5( , 4%=2#$ (461&+ 4%=2%/ %* . % 17–18G&!:( &1 !2 % A% %2# # )2% 21* A G, !*1 ( % )121:%&!", C% ; *+ 4(;!L )2% )12D%)2#5#&( !;% "&% )2#$%4# + )% ()% % 4% )-&!&&' =%61 1&&%A% )%5! :(.
14!A%A 5& )%A*'4# J.-J. ( % ;!*# 1*#:#" )*# &! 2%-# %: )14!A%A 5&%/ 4(;:# &! ()" )12 %4.
9. A A A .
.
4#& - F2!&,(-+:#$ F *% %F-)2% # 1* ( & " (1715–1771) &!2%4# ' !2#6 ;’/ )2#4 %2&%A% * :!2'. !: &5# L-(/ +:#" :%*16. 1758 2. &!)# ! :A( “ + *”, C% =(*! )2';% !&! )2% # % &% F1%4!*+&%A% )%2'4:(, 21* A "&%/ 41%*%A /. %2%*+ ! !)! )2#A% %2#*# :A( 4% )!*1&&'. 1*+ 1, " 2' ( ! %= 6# ' , &%G )(=* 5&%A% -2151&&' 4 %L/ )2!, . 4&!:
& -!*#D# ' 2 %/; 41';, ': #:*! = *+D b2(& % &% -+ “ =-, // + * + >- // 0-- ”, ':! =(*! %)(=* :% !&! ) *' "%A%
;12 .
1*+ 1, " )2%4% 6(L 6. %::!, :%*# )%A%46(L + ' - :2# #:% 1%2 / “D-0 :” 1:!2 !. 1*+ 1, " 1246(L, C% 1 *G4#& ;%6&! -1 # 4%
45( . 4 # & 2%=# + # &% %:, C% *G4# 4 &!2%461&&' ;!G + 2 & 2%-(;% -4 =&% , 2 & ;%6*# % 4% 4% :%&!*1&&'.
)%A*'4!$ 1*+ 1, ' ;%6&! #4 *# # 5% #2# % &% & 41/: 1) 2%461&! 2 & + $ *G41"; 2) % %=*# #" & 121 ': 2(D "&! #*! &4# 4(!*+&%A% 2%-# :( #2 D!*+&! % &% ! 4 '*+&% 4 1"; 3) #$% !&&' ': )2';% (G5! #*! 2%-# :( & 121 ; 4) )%* #5&! # 1;! ': #-&!5!*+&! % &% ! #$% !&&'.
#$%4'5# - %A%, C% )1212%=:! ( ) *+ ! ;%6*# ! 5121- #$% !&&', 1*+ 1, " )2# 2! &% -!$#C!L ( ) *+&1 #$% !&&' % (.
1214 % &% $ )121 !A D: *+&%A% #$% !&&' 1*+ 1, " &!-# !L: 1) )2#' *# 4*' -4%2% ’' -! %=# %A% ; ,', 41 ;%*%4+ ;%61 % 2#;! # %L #$% !&&' (;!L + ' &! ( !-, C% )2# ( ) *+&%;( #$% !&& =(4#&%:, 41 #$% (G + ' ! &! 5!G + ' 4 #, =(4(L + ' -! ; %; ;%61 4%=21 )2% 2G ! # ', &! 4; &( 4 =! +: +:#$ 4%; , C% 5! % ;!* &1-4%2% ); 2) 124! 4# ,#)* &!; 3) -;!A!&&', ':1 #:*#:!L + ', :%*# )%2 &GG + 1=1 - =!A! +;! &D#;# *G4+;#; 4) % 51& + #$% ! 1* ; 5) 124 + (4%;!D&L #$% !&&' 2 4:% =( !L ;(6& ; !:#;, C% 2%-# !L ; *# +).
1*+ 1, " 124# , C% ;1 ! #$% !&&' ;!L )%*'A! # %;(, C%= 2%-:2# # 12,1 4# # 4*' A(;!&&% , ! 2%-(; – 4*' )2! 4#, C%= #$% ( ! # )! 2 % , ( 4%;% ':#$ 41' % %=# %A% 4%=2! &% )% ’'-!&! - 41LG 4%=2! 4*' $
*G41". %2!*+&1 #$% !&&', &! 4(;:( 1*+ 1, ', ;%6&! -4 " &G ! # -! 4%)%;%A%G “# 0 + *” ()%4 =&% 4% 21* A "&%A% :! 1$ -# (), 41 4# #&!
;%61 -&! # )2% )2! 14*# +, #&(, :%2# + %C%.
)2!,'$ 1*+ 1, ' 1*#:1 ; ,1 4 %4# + ' 2%-(;% %;( #$% !&&G, )2! #*+&% )% ! *1& " % . #$%4'5# - %A%, C% -4%2% ! *G4#&! L, )2# $ &D#$ (;% !$, = *+D C! *# %G, & 6 *G4#&! &1-4%2% !, 1*+ 1, " 1*#:( ( !A( )2#4 *' F-#5&%;( #$% !&&G, ':1 )% #&&% %4&%5! &% -; &G ! # *%, 4($.
36
2# #:(G5# F1%4!*+&1 ( ) *+ %, 1*+ 1, " # *% *G ! ' )2% #$% !&&' 6 &:#. J &:# 5%*% :#, &! "%A% 4(;:(, 42-&'G + ' %4#& 4 %4&%A% %LG %2A!&-!, LG, !*1 ,1 &1 %-&!5!L, C% ,' 4; && + L )2#5#&%G = *+D -+:%A% 2%-(;% %A% 2 &' 6 &%:. 1*+ 1, " =!5# )2#5#&( 4 !*% 6 &%: ( %;( ( ) *+&%;( !&% #C , ':1 % -!";!G +. ; # !&% #C1 6 &:# ;%61
)2! #*+&1 4%=21 %2A!&-% !&1 #$% !&&'.
3 3 (1713–1784) – &!" #-&!5& D#" )214 ! : F2!&,(-+:%A% )2% , !, #)( :: L-(/ +:%A% :%*16( !2#6 . %'5# &! )%-#, '$ 1& (!*-;(, 42% !6! 46121*%; -&!&+ 45( '. 2% 1, &! 4; &( 4 1*+ 1, ', & &1 -%4# 4% $ )-&!&&', ) 4:21 *GG5#, C% 42(A#; "%A% '-!"1; L )1212%=:! 45( 2%-(;%;. & !6! , C% )2%A21 ( ) *+ !
)% ’'-!" - #4!&&'; ;(42#$ -!:%& 2%-)% G461&&'; % #. !$&1&: 214!: %2 “ -; / -, * ; * ”, & 1*#:( ( !A( )2#4 *'
)# !&&'; #$% !&&' &! 5!&&'. %/ 4(;:# - ,+%A% )2# %4( #:*! % &% &%;( 4 %$ )2!,'$: “ * B- -- - % ;”, “ =- ” (1774) “ - - > 9 > B- -- 0 -: ” (1775). )12D " :- 42%, #-&!G5#, C% -! 4%)%;%A%G
#$% !&&' ;%6&! 4% 'A # 5#;!*%, :2# #:(L 1*+ 1, ' -! &14%%, &:( %A% )*# (, ':#" 5# + F-#5&! %2A!&-!, ' *G4#, // !&! %;%-F-%*%A 5& % %=*# % &! G // 2%-(;% ( 4 '*+& +.
! 4(;:( 42%, -&!51&&' #$% !&&' )%*'A!L &1 ( %;(, C%= -2%=# # - =(4+- ':%/ 1214&+% %2A!&-% !&%/ 4# # 1, C% =!6!&% 4*' // 2 4$ =*#-+:#$, ! ( %;(, C%= )2#;( # # // )% "&% -!";! # ' #;, 4% 5%A% %&! -4! &!: 12(4#, LG, ':C% %&! &!4 *1&! )!;’' G; A1%;1 2 LG, ':C% %&! *1A:% :%;= &(L 5# *! )2% %2#; )%1-LG, ':C% & " L )2# 2! + (' ! %C%. !:*#: 42% 2!$( ! # )2#2%4& % %=*# % 4# #, 2%-# ! # // &4# 4(!*+& + -! *(A% (L &! )%-# # &( %, &:(.
42% 4 %G ! )2#&,#) -!A!*+&%A% =1-:%D % &%A% )%5! :% %A% &! 5!&&'. & )2%1: ( ! 4126! &( # 1;( &!2%4&%/ % #.
42% 2%-!D( ! )214;1 # % &% &%A% ,#:*( 1214&+%/ D:%*# !:#; 5#&%;: 1-" :*! – ;! 1;! #:!; 2-" :*! – ;1$!& :!; 3-" :*! – ! 2%&%; '; 4-" :*! – )2#2%4%-&! %, 1: )12#;1& !*+&! F-#:!; 5-" :*! – $; ', ! 2%&%; '; 6-" :*!
– *%A :!, :2# #:!, A2!;! #:!; 7-" :*! – 2 4&! ;% !; 8-" :*! – !2%4! & ;% #, !& #5&! * 12! (2!.
2 ; ,+%A%, )1214=!5!L + ' C1 2# ,#:*# ) *'%= 4& " 5! : 1) F *% %F ', ;%2!*+, )2#2%4&! 21* A ', %2 ' $2%&%*%A ', A1%A2!F ', % &% # 1:%&%; 5&%/ &!(:#; 2) ;!*G !&&', 1*1;1& # !2$1: (2#; 3) ;(-#:!, !&, , F1$( !&&', )*! !&&', /-4! 12$#.
0 ( 0, ( '9 +8 2 / 2 ( , 5.,. (+ / 9(2 )
*' 4# # (0–6 2.) |
A#$' |
! 12#& +:1 ) :*( !&&' (D:%*!) |
*' % 2%, ! (6–12 2.) |
*1;. D:%*!: &!2%4&!, 2 4&%;% &! |
|
*' G&!, ! (12–18 2.) |
I |
! #& +:! D:%*! (A ;&!-') |
*' -2 *% (18–24 2.) |
|
:!41; ' )%4%2%6 |
37
/3, + * + '532 3A+ , '+((,
0-- : ) 4A% % :! 461& *+;1&!,
':#" ; L 1 # %/ )2! # 2%-(;&% )2#=( :% %
* 0-- D-*- :
;%2!*+&1 #$% !&&', 2%-(;% 1 #$% !&&', F-#5&1 #$% !&&' F-- 0-- : 2%-# %: -4%2% %A% 4($( ( -4%2% %;( * .0-- : )2#:*!4, )2! #, #$% & # (!, /, =1 4#,
)%:!2!&&', -!%$%51&&'.
-+ ; 0-- : 461& *+;1& #$% (L + ' ;’/, ! &1 D:%*
, ,'9 + /3, + * 3/8 A.-A. 0 +
! ) K & ! ! "
- 0-- : ) *:( !&&' - )2#2%4%G, A!2;%& ' - &1G
- 0-- : 41' 4%=2%A% &!5!*! ': )12 #&&%/ ( &% *G4#
L $ & K & ! ! "
: &( 2 D& " 2%-# %: -4 =&% 1" ! %2A!& *G4#B =B 0 B :: &!=( ' *! &%A% 4% 4( 4&% &% % %51&&'
= :: &! 5!&&' %;(, ': :%2# ( ! # ' )2#2%4# -4 =&% ';#-B-- : “)2!,' L &1;#&(5#; %=% ’'-:%; ( ) *+&%/ *G4#”
$% !
1.!$4&%L 2%)1" +: #$% & # 1;# XV –XV .: )%2 &'*+" !&!*-.
2.2#&,#) )2#2%4% 4)% 4&% %;1& +:%A% (5! & +.
3.I:%*! %;1& +:%A% =2! +: D:%*# :2!/& : )%2 &'*+" !&!*-.
4.#$% & 41/ %::! -! 4!&&' #$% !&&' :2!/& (( +%A%41&& ).
5.“ *+&1 #$% !&&'” J.-J. ( % ': -! = ( 12461&&' 4)% 4!*+&% 4 1".
% % $ $%
1.5%;( )%*'A!L 2%-# %: )2#&,#)( %;1& +:%A% ()2#2%4% 4)% 4&% #$% !&&') J.-J. ( %?
2.% 4 ':#$ D: * -' #" -! % &% ( %;1& +:#; )2# %=b2(& ( !&& :*! &%- (2%5&%/ # 1;# &! 5!&&'?
3.@:! - :% %/ )12 %4#-!, / % %=# % ( %;1& +:%A% 5# ( %) L = *+D &!(:% % %=b2(& % !&%G?
4.%:!6 + )!2!*1* ; 6 # 1;%G #$% !&&' %::! (5! &%G !;12#:!& +:%G # 1;%G.
1. &% %G )-&!&&' &! 5!&&' %;1& +:%A% L: ) + *; >) B C : ; ) ; ; ) B- - .
2 M%2;! &! 5!&&' %;1& +:%A%, ':! L &1)121 12D1&%G 4% +%A%41&&':
) ; ; >) ; ) ; ) .
3 %&' ' “-%*% 1 )2! #*% 4#4!: #:#” %;1& +:%A% ,1 )2#&,#):
) * B- ; >) - ; ) -B- ; ) - .
4. *G4 +: % # (-! %;1& +:#;) &!":2!C1 ) 44!G + ' )2! *'&&G (:
) =- ; >) ; ; ) + ; ) -D-* ; .
38
5. I:%*! =1- 4# ,#)* , -! %;1& +:#;, %4&!:% %, C%:
) > > + J ; >) *- > + ; ) > > + ; ) - > + * .
6. %;1& +:#" )%2 &' 5# 1*' -: ) * ; *; ) -*; >) =; ) -; *.
7. &% -! %=%; #$% !&&' J.-J. ( % L: ) -B--; >) ; ; ) ; ) .
8.12D%G ( 4# '5%G 1&,#:*%)14 LG ;%6&! !6! #: ) “- J ”; >) “ B : ”; ) “%-= -= ”; ) “ * :
* =-0”.
9.41G “ *+&%A% #$% !&&'” )12D1 %=b2(& ( ! : !) ". # *- :;
>) L.-L. ; ) . G ; ) . $.
10. -!L;%4 G ; 6 :% %G )12 %4#-!, LG # 1;%G D: *+, ! )12D1 %=b2(& ( ! : !) . G. #- -; >) L.-L. ; ) . ; ) ". # *- :.
39
V
<XV –
1.L B- - O.%. ;; .
2.*-:- 0-- ;; . O *- -/* B -B--.
3./ -* ; 0 -<- . + . K . F ;*-.
4.! *-+*. . % *> : - .
5.G. .
6.-B-- : 0-- O. % > .
7.. - < *-- > .
' :
1.1 !*%,, . . #=2!& )14!A%A 5& %2#. 3-$ . – ., 1961.
2.12 1A M. . #=2!& )14!A%A 5& %2#. – ., 1956.
3.2! 1,+ . %2 ' :*! #5&%/ -!2(= 6&%/ )14!A%A :# ! D: *+, !. – 12&%) *+, 1996.
4.%2 ' )14!A%A :# / ! 214. . . 2#,1&:!. – ., 1973.
5.!2# # - %2 / )14!A%A :# / ! 214 . . %& !& #&% !. – ., 1952.
6. %2 ' )14!A%A :# /-! 214. . . 1 : :+%A%, . . (=! 1&G:/. – J# %;#2, 2003.
7.=2(L ! . ., # &! . S. %2 ' )14!A%A :# ( $1;!$, :!2 !$, 4 !A2!;!$: ! 5!*+" )% =:. – (;#: (; , 2000.
|
(')*+ '+ , , /0 2 |
|
|
|||
$, |
! |
% , |
, ! , |
|||
, , , |
|
, |
, |
|||
, , |
, |
|
, |
|||
, , |
|
, ! , & |
||||
, & . |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1. . . |
||||||
6 G-H |
"" (1746–1827) &!2%4# ' G2$( (I 1",!2 ') |
|||||
1746 2%, . %A% =! +:%, * :!2, )%;12 2!&%. !*1&+:%A% %A!&&! #$% ( !*! ;! #, 4%5:! *+ +:%A% * :!2', 44!&! *(6,' !2=!2! I; 4 . *' ;12 =! +:! ;’' )1216# !*! 1*#: 2(4&%C . ( 1 !*%,, %4126! )%5! :( )%5! :% " & ;1,+: " D:%* , ! )% ; 1214& " *! #& +: " D:%* . *' -!: &51&&' 1214&+%/ D:%*# ()# 4% G2$+:%/ #C%/ D:%*# – !2%* &A +:%A% :%*1A (;(,
41 -!: &5# 4 ! ;%*%4D :(2 #: F *%*%A 5" F *% %F +:#". (4(5# (41& %;, 1 !*%,, )121=( ! ) 4 )*# %; %2 J.-J. ( % “* , > 0-- ”, “ -: ” ! &.
1769 2%, 1 !*%,, )2#4=! &14!*1:% 4 G2$! &1 1*#:( !4#=(, 1"A%F, 41 1774 2%, 4:2# D:%*( & 12&! &%A% #)( 4*' 4 1" 1*'&, 41 )%L4&( ! &! 5!&&' - )2%4(: # &%G )2!,1G, )2#5%;( & 12&! )% #&1& =( ( 2#;( ! # + &! -! %=#, C% -!2%=*'*# !; 4 #. 2% 1 ( 2#;( ! # )%4 =" )2# (*%: -! 2!$(&%: 4# '5%/ )2!, =(*% ( %) LG, 1 !*%,, -;(D1" =( ( 1780 2%, "%A% -!:2# #. ;&!4,' + &! ()$ 2%: & )2# ' # * 12! (2& " 2%=% .
1214 &D#$ %2 & -!: &5# #4! )14!A%A 5" 2%;!& “$ - %” (1781), ':#" ;! 1*#:#" ( )$, =% &+%;( ! %2 )2!A&( #2 D# #
!6*# ( )2%=*1;(, C% $#*G !*! 42 =&%=(26(!-&( & 1* A1&, G %A% 5! (: ': 40