Материал: Istoriia_pedahohiky

%4% 1214&$ D: * 4*' 4 5! , % )12D#;# :2!/& =(*# “ & # ( # D*'$1 $ 4 5! ”. 61 1818 2%, !2:% &( ! & # ( , 41 5# 1*G ! . (*!:- 2 1;% +:#". ,+%;( 2%, !:#" 61 & # ( =(*% 4:2# % %* ! , ( 1825 2%, 41 , ( 1833 2%, – #L . A%4%; )%5!*# 4:2# ! # !: -!& 6 &%5 L)!2$!*+& D:%*# ! 6 &%5 A ;&!-/. #/ )12D#; - (:2!/& +:#$ ; 4:2# 4 %5( A ;&!-G (1850) , ( 1860 2. % -’' #*# ' !2:% %* ! . (2 4 %5#$ A ;&!-" =( % +;#2 5; % +;#" :*! =( -%2 L& % !" &! ) 4A% % :( 5# 1*+%: 4%;!D&$ #$% ! 1*+%:. 2%A2!;# 4 %5#$ A ;&!-" 42-&'*# ' 4 5%*% 5#$ A%*% 5#&%; #;, C% $ &1 =(*% :*! #5$ ;% , ! &! %; + -! 141&% )2#2%4%-&! %. K)!2$!*+& D:%*# )121 !6&% =(*# 1;#2 5#, ! %LG )2%A2!;%G &!=*#6!*# ' 4% 4 %5#$ A ;&!-". &( !*# C1 1214& 4 %5 D:%*# 4%; ! ;)12! 2#, !2 /.

*+: + )% % #$ (5#*#C -!*#D!*! ' ;!"61 &1-; &&%G, ! )!2!F '*+$ - 1841 2. 4% 1856 2. -= *+D#*% + *+:# &! 64 ;16!$ L/ ;)12 / ()2#2 – 4 D:%*# 2 :). ! :2!/& ,1" )2%,1 &% # &12 &%; 2" $!2!: 12.

: &, 50-$ 2%: &! :2!/& #: &% #" #) D: * 4*' ) 4* : 4%2% *#$ – !: -!& &14 *+& D:%*#. 12D! &14 *+&! D:%*! =(*! -! &% !&! ( #L ( 1859 2., ! 5121- 2 : !; &( !*# 61 4 5%*% 5 ! 2 6 &%5 &14 *+& D:%*#. 2%,1 ( %21&&' &14 *+$ D: * )%D#2# ' &! &D ; !, &! + 1*!. % &! 5!&&' ,#$ D:%*!$ ) 4:*G5#*! + (:2!/& +:! & 1* A1&, ' – 5# 1* , (41& # -!A!* ;%*%4+, 1214 ':%/ &1 =2!:( !*% (:2!/&, , ': !6!*# &1%=$4 1 # &! 5!&&' (:2!/& +:%G ;% %G. *1 &14% A#; =(*% 6# ' &14 *+$ D: *: ( 1862 2%, 2%-)%2'461&&'; ; & 2! % # % =(*# :! % !& .

D:%*# &! :2!/& , 4 #C#$ 4% A#$, =(*# 2( #F :% !& . 2 ; %A%, D:%*! =(*! 5(6%G 4*' &!D%A% &!2%4(, &1 *+:# ;% %G, ! " !;%G ;1 %4#:%G #:*!4!&&'. 5# !&:!$ ! ) 42(5:!$ A% %2#*% ' #:*G5&% )2% 2( +:#" &!2%4, "%A% A% )%4!2 +:1 6# ' -#5!/, %2 G, ! )2% (:2!/& +:#" – &1 -A!4( !*% '. D:%* 4# #&! )% 2!)*'*! -!*16&( 4 &1/ 4($% &( ! ;% F12(, 5(6#" , 41 & 5%A% %A% 2 4&%A% %&! &1 =!5#*!. -4 # – *!=:#" 2%-# %: 4# #, &1 # %:#" 2 1&+ -&!&+.

!:#; D: *+ =!*!& %; ()#*! :2!/&! )%*% #&( %* '. *1 )214 ! :# (:2!/& +:%A% &!2%4( )2!A&(*# &! 5! # &! 5! # ' 2 4&%G ;% %G. !2 +:#" (2'4 =( -;(D1" ) # &! )% ():#. % #" D: *+" ! ( , )2#"&' #" ( 1787 2%, , #-&! (:2!/& +:( ;% ( % &% &%G 4*' D: * !*#5#, ! 1789 2%, (2'4 2 / 4! -A%4( &! 4:2# ' (:2!/& +:#$ D: *, )2#&!";& 4!$ )2% 4:2# ' $%5! = %4& L/ D:%*# - (:2!/& +:%G ;% %G &! 5!&&' &1;!L.

! )%5! :( . ,!2 +:#" (2'4 *1: !&42! )2% %4# + 21F%2;( !&&' # 1;# % # % / -! -!$4&%L 2%)1" +:#; -2!-:%;, -!)%-#5# D# # 1;( % # )12 %4( F2!&,(-+:%/ 21 %*G, /.

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

1 %=;#&(*! 2( #F :!, ' 1214&$ D: *. A ;&!-'$, C% 4:2# !*# ' &! :2!/& , &! 5!&&' )2% %4#*% + 2% " +:%G ;% %G. :2!/& +:! ;% !, * 12! (2!, :(*+ (2! %2 ' &1 # 5!*# + 6 &%5#$ 1214&$ &! 5!*+$ -!:*!4!$. :2!/& +:%A% &!2%4( & =# " &1 &( !*% -!A!* .

101

1863 2%, 2% " +:#" ; & 2 &( 2 D&$ )2! !*(L #4! &! ()" (:!-: “ #:!:%A% ;!*%2% #" :%A% '-a:! &1 =a*%, &1 , # =a + &1 ;%61 # 5 % &!215#1, ()% 21=*'1;a$ )2% %&!2%4+1;, 1 + % 61 2( :#" '-a:, %*+:% # )%251&&a" *#' &! &1A% %*+D#”. &:%*# 2% " +:#$ ) 42(5:!$ -’' *'*# ' ! - (:2!/& +:%A% 6# ', !*1 % !=% )% %2G !*# %2 G (:2!/& +:%A% &!2%4(, !=% =(*# )2% % =21$&1G. % " +:! %2 ' &1 %=;16( !*! + 2( #F :!, LG (:2!/& +:%/ D:%*#. 1876 2%, ,!2 +:#" (2'4 #4! (:!-, ':#" )121:2# ! 4% () 2 4&%A% *% ! 4% (:2!/& +:%A% &!2%4(: “ 1 4%)( :! + %-! )2141*a ;)12## =1- % %=%A% 2!-21D1' :A, #-4! !1;a$ &! ;!*%2% #" :%; &!215##. 15! ! # %-4! #;)12## %2#A#&!*+&a$ )2%#-141" # )121 %4% &! %; 61 &!215## % )21 # +. % )21 # + 2!-*#5&a1 ,1&a1 )214 ! *1' # 5 1' &! ;!*%2% #" :%; '-a:1”.

' 4%=! 4-&!5!*! ' )% )2#A& 51&&'; 5# 1*+ ! (5& . 2! % *! ' , *:%; 2( #F :( !*% +, ': 5#;!*% #$% !&, D: *. *' 2%-)2! # - 5*1&!;# #2#*%-1F%4 / +:%A% =2! !, ,!2#-; )% #*# 21)21 / )2% # :2!/. !=%2%&'*# + =(4+-': :A# (:2!/& +:%G ;% %G, )121 * 4( !*# + &! + &!(:% ! )2% :2!/&( 2% " +:%G ;% %G.

5. ( XV )

)12D " )%*% #& VI . &! %=12166 *%= 4 +: " :2!/& , C%$%4#*# 4% :*!4( % /, 2 1&+ % # =( 4&% &% # %:#;.

)%*:!$ %=12166' &( !*# )%*:% )%5! :% D:%*#, ': 4:2# !*% !;1 &! 1*1&&' -! *! & :%D #.

! -!)%2-+:#$ -1;*'$ F(&:, %&( !*#, ': ( )%)1214&+%;( %* 5% ! D:%*!, D:%*! )2# !;!2 +: " F%2 1,-;%&! #2 16 )!2!F '*+$ D: * )2# ,12: !$. %-# :% % # D:%*# :2!/& ,+%A% )12 %4( )2#'*! 4 '*+& + ;!&42 $ 4': .

! -2!-%: #L %-%A#*'& +:%/ :%*1A / (!:!41; /), =(*# %21& :%*1A / % A%2%4-12 +:%;(, 12& A% , !2:% , %* ! " 121' *! , ':#$ &! 5!*# ' 4 # &1 *#D1 4($% 1& ! " :%-!,+:%/ !2D#, ! " ; C!&, :%-!: 1*'&.

)% #*1&&'; -!:2 )!51&&' 1*'& :%-!: , 2! %G :2!/&%G ! %&%; / (1775 2.) ! -2("&( !&&'; 5 )%*:% -!)%2-+: D:%*# )121 !*# &( ! #.

'*+& + ;!&42 $ 4': ;!*! ; ,1 &! %=1216& " :2!/& 4% 1786 2., ':%;( “;!&42#” =(*# -!=%2%&1& . 3 , LG ;1 %G )2% 141&% )121)# ($ ,12:% $ D: * 5# 1* ( $. ! 21F%2;%G 1786 2. , D:%*# !=% -!:2# !*# ', !=% )121 %2G !*# ' ( )!2!F '*+& .

%=*# % !2 % 4-&!5# # 4 '*+& + %*% &%/ 5% %/ D:%*# (1754–1768). ! $!2!: 12%; &! 5!&&' %&! )2#2 &G !*! ' 4% :2!C#$ =2! +:#$ D: *. ( # 5!*# ) / #:(, 2# %2#:(, ;! 1;! #:(, A1%A2!F G, ! 2%&%; G, " +:% ( )2! (.

D:%*!$ )2#4 *'*# 4% ! &G ( !A( )! 2 % #5&%;( #$% !&&G ! ;(-#5& " ) 4A% % , (5& . $ #$%4#*# :%=-!2 , (2;!5 , ,#;=!* #, :2#)!* .

1738 2. ;. *($% =(*! 4:2# ! D:%*! ) !: , ': " A% ( !*# ) !: 4*' 1 12=(2-+:%/ )2#4 %2&%/ :!)1*#. ( &! 5!*% ' )% 20 (5& . % # 5!*# &% &( A2!;% (, A2( &! :2#), , A( *'$, =!&4(2 . !:%6 - # )2% %4#*# $%2% -!&' '. %2 5&% 10 #)( :: &!)2! *'*# ' 4% )2#4 %2&%A% $%2(, %2:1 2(. 2% &( !*! ) !,+:! D:%*! )%&!4 40 2%: .

%=*# % 4%;#; ( 1214#& V . !L !2: +:#" :%*1A (;. !2: +:%;( :%*1A (; &! 5!*# ' 4 # ($ 12 &! 1*1&&'. :%*1A (; )% "&% )121A*'4! ' -; % #, %4#*# ' &% )214;1 # 4*' -!4% %*1&&' )% 21= ( -&!&&'$ (:2!/& +:%A% 4 %2'& !. !:, - 1765 2. -!)%5! :% !&1 # 51&&'

102

F2!&,(-+:%/ ! & ;1,+:%/ ;% , )%A*#=*GL + ' :(2 ;! 1;! #:#. # 5!L + ' &61&12&! )2! !, A1%41-' %C%. 2% %4# + ' -!A!*+&%:(*+ (2&! 1 1 #5&! ) 4A% % :! (* 12! (2!, ;(-#:!, 6# %)# , !2$1: (2!). @:C% &! )12D%;( 1 !) &! 5!*+" )2%,1 ( !2: +: " :%*1A / -4 " &G ! ' -! -2!-:%; :%*1A / #/ +:%/ (A2!;! #:!, )%1 #:!, 2# %2#:!, F *% %F ', =%A% *% ’'), % ( 42(A " )%*. V . & =( )1212%=*1" -! -2!-:%; )*!& % :% +:%A% (& 12 # 1 ( (;! 1;! #:!, &61&12&! )2! !, A1%41-', %2 ', A1%A2!F ', 1%*%A ', )2! %, ;14#,#&!).

1 -(;% *G !*% ' )% 21=!;# 2%-# :( &! :2!/& )2%;# *% % &!;!A!&&';# 4 %2'& ! ! (:2!/& +:%/ !2D# 4! # %/; 4 '; 4% :%&!*( " D#2%:( % (. :%*1A / &! 5!*# ' )214 ! :# 2-$ !& , -! #&' :%; 4 1" :2 )!: .

! D: *+ ! ( %; 1786 2., :2!/& )%5!*# 4:2# ! # ' ;!* (( )% % #$ ; !$) A%*% & (( A(=12& +:#$ ; !$) &!2%4& (5#*#C!. %*% & (!=% 5% #2#:*! & ) (5#*#C! )1214=!5!*# 6-2 5" 12; &, ! ;!* (!=% 4 %:*! & ) – 4- 2 5" 12; & &! 5!&&'. 1783 2. =(*# -! &% !& )12D (5#*#C! ( #L " 12& A% . ! )%5! %: 1801 2. (:2!/& +:#$ A(=12& '$ % " +:%/ ;)12 / =(*% 8 A%*% $ 17 ;!*#$ (5#*#C.

! 2! %=1216& " :2!/& ! $4& " !*#5#& , 41 )!&( !*! )%*+ +:! D*'$!, )%41:(4# &( !*# “4': +: D:%*#”. *' )%:! %*#51&&' (:2!/& +:%/ *G4&% &! !46( !*# ' (& ! +: D:%*#, ! !:%6 D:%*# 4($% $ %241& – ! #* !&, L-(/ .

1789 2. &! 2! %=1216& " :2!/& =(*% 4 %:2(6& D:%*# - 1;#2 5 12; &%; &! 5!&&';, 14 ) 4%:2(6$ D: * - D1 #2 5 12; &%; &! 5!&&'. ! (:% #& -! 5! )!&( !&&' (2155# D: * ;!"61 &1 =(*%. ! !:!2)! &( !*% : *+:! ,12:% &%-(& ! +:#$ D: *, ':#$ &! 5!*# A2!;% #. 1744 2. ;. (:!51 =(*! 4:2# ! =%A% *% +:! D:%*!, ! 1766 2. =(*# -! &% !& )%5! :% D:%*# (:!51 , V ., )-& D1 – '51 ! #D:% . &( !*# !:%6 6A%2%4 +:! A ;&!-' (1646), 21F%2;! %2 +:! :%*1A ' (1540) :! %*#,+:! A ;&!-'!2;!2%D-#A1 (1730). 80 22. V . 6A%2%4 =(*% 4:2# % “&%2;!*+&( D:%*(”, )2# ': " - 1793 2. &( !*! 5# 1*+ +:! 1; &!2 '. , D:%*# =(*# ,1& 2!;# 41&!, %&!*-!, / (:2!/& +:%A% &!2%4( !:!2)! ', /$ -;!4'2#-( !&&' )%:! %*#51&&'. !)2#: &, VI . %=% ’'-:% %G ;% %G &! 5!&&' D:%*!$ !:!2)! ' !*! (A%2 +:!. % 21=( % 2 4&%G ;% %G -!:!2)! +: (:2!/&, -!4% %*+&'*# )2# ! &! 5!&&' %/$ 4 1".

*' )12D%A% )%4 *( %*+C (1772) 2 ' -!$%)#*! !*#5#&(. )%5! :( ( =(*% 4:2# % : *+:! ,12:% &%)!2!F '*+$ D: *, ! - 17832. ( + % =(*% -! &% !&% 2% " +:( 4($% &( 1; &!2 G. 4&%5! &% - ,#; "D*% %& ;151&&' D: *. 4:2# ! - 1784 2. A ;&!-' )2# + +:%;( (& 12 # 1 =(*! & ;1,+:%G.

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

4:21 *GG5# %G )%:!-&( (2=% ( )2% % (, ! 12#&! 1 2%=#*!, !=# -! 2#;! # // 2%-# %:. !:, =!A! % ;!&42 $ 4': , -! // 2%-)%2'461&&';,

103

&!)2! *'*# &! " +:% ( *(6=(. &D -;(D1& =(*# %=2! # )% "&1 ; ,1 )2%6# !&&' )% 2!)#*# ( :2 )% &( -!*16& +. % #*1&&' :2 )% &%A% )2! ! )2#-%4#*% &1 *#D1 -! 2#;!*% )%D#21&&' % #, ! " )2#-1*% 4% -C1&&' (61 &(G5#$ D: *. 1789 2. =(*# -!:2# (:2!/& +: D:%*# -!=%2%&1&% #:*!4!&&' (:2!/& +:%G ;% %G ( $ &! 5!*+$ -!:*!4!$.

/3, + * + '532 . . (+ +0+32

H %:

!;%)-&!&&' ! !;% 4% :%&!*1&&', 4% 'A&1&&' C! ', ':%A% ;%6&! 4% 'A #

, *:% # %G )121;%A%G 4($( ! 4(D1 )%:%L;.

H :

“ #&&! *G4#&!”, 4*' ':%/ )% 2 =&1 L &1 !6:#;, ! !6:1 &1)% 2 =

+ ’%$ &:

=*!A% )%2%4# #, (2=( ! # ' )2% -4%2% ’' 4 1", &! 5# # 4'5&% .

$% !

1.1%A2!F 5&%-$2%&%*%A 5&! :!2 ! 6# ', &! 5!&&' 4 '*+&% . :% %2%4#.

2.!2%4&%-2!4#, "& D*'$# #$% !&&' . :% %2%4#.

3.(;!& #5& -! !4# #$% !&&' . :% %2%4#.

4.4A% % :! 4# # 4% „ )%2 4&1&%/ )2!, ” (-! . :% %2%4%G).

5.%2 &'*+" !&!*- % # ( $4& " :2!/& !*#5#& (: &1,+ XV .).

% % $ $%

1.%' & + )%*%61&&' :% %2%4#: “ #$% !&&' :2#L + ' )2#2%4 !;%A% &!2%4(, ': %A%&+ *% &1 #4#;1 :21;1& ”.

2.@: A%*% & (;% # )% 2 =& *G4#& 4*' C! ' (-! :% %2%4%G)?

3.%;( &!D (5! :, !:!41; : '-G&, &!-# !L 1%2 G #$% !&&' :% %2%4# “)14!A%A :%G 12,'”?

104

4. @:#" -’'-%: ; 6 A2!;! #:%G ;% 2#,+:%A% 2% " +:%G A2!;! #:%G %;%&% % !?

1.':%;( - :%*1A (; :2!/ :% %2%4! 5# ! :(2 “ &% # $2# #'& +:%/ ;%2!* ?” ) * ; >) N- * ; ) K * .

2.@:%G &!")%D#21& D%G F%2;%G )% *(A% ( ! ' . :% %2%4! ( #:*!4 *! $ )14!A%A 5$ )%A*'4 ? ) --*; >) B =; ) + =.

3.@:#" - #$% $ )2#&,#) L ,1& 2!*+ ( 2#6&1 #;) ( . :% %2%4#?

)- ; >) *- )- - .

4.':#$ %2!$ . :% %2%4! )% ! # -! 4!&&' #$% !&&' % %=# % ?

)"-: I :"; >)" > D -0 -"; )" > : D :-”.

5.@:#" #4 #:*!4!,+:%/ 4 '*+&% =( &!")%D#21& D#; ( . :% %2%4#?

)- - > + B-* ; >) ; ) -;= .

6.@:! ': + ;!L 4%; &( ! #, &! 4(;:( . :% %2%4#, ( 5# 1*+ +: " )2%F1 /?

) - - ; >) B ; ) > + .

8.% L #-&!5!*+ ( ;%2!*+&%;( #$% !&& , -! . :% %2%4%G?

9.) +- --; >) * ; ) + B .

8.@:#" 4%:(;1& , 2%-2%=*1" %;%&% % #;, &!4! ! 1*#:#$

41;%:2! #5$ )2! :12 , ( ! #:*!4!5!; #C#$ &! 5!*+$ -!:*!4 ?

) *-; >) ; ) D--.

9. #; -(;% *GL + ' )2%A21 *G4 !, -! )121:%&!&&'; %;%&% % !?

) =; C=; >) + * 0-; ) + * - .

10. ':%;( 2%, :2!/& 2% " +:#; ,!2! %; =(*# -!:2# (:2!/& +: D:%*#? ) 1769; >) 1789; ) 1775.

105