Материал: Istoriia_pedahohiky

Внимание! Если размещение файла нарушает Ваши авторские права, то обязательно сообщите нам

)%A*'4!; &! )-&!&&' ( &( 2 D&+%A% 4($% &%A% !&( !;%/ *G4#, & ( %" 61 5! L ;! 12 !* %;. G4#&!, -! "%A% )121:%&!&&'; L 5! #&%G )2#2%4#: “; :2%:% ;% %;” ( “;!:2%:% ;% ”.

!A!*%; ( )14!A%A 5$ )%A*'4!$ . :% %2%4# 5 :% 4=#*# ' %A%5! & %, !*+& )2% #2 55' (:2!/& +:%A% ( ) *+ !, ! !;1: -C1&&' (:2!/& +:%A% :%-!, !, -!; &! (:2!/& +:%-4126! &%/ ! %&%; / ,!2 +:%-5#&% ,+:#; ,1& 2!*-;%;.

2%=*1;# #$% !&&' % %=# % 2%-:2# !G + ' 51 ( "%A% )2# 5 “ -: I :”, 2D “> : D :- ”, -= 2, “ > D -0

- ”, =!":!$ ! 5# *1&$ *# !$. ! *(A%G ;# *# 1*' L )1214( ; %=b2(& ( !&&' )2#&,#) A(;!&-;(, &!2%4&% ! )2#2%4% 4)% 4&% ( #$% !&& .

4%;%, C% )12D1 ( )14!A%A , )2#&,#) A(;!&-;( %=b2(& % !&% )214 ! :!;# 1)%$# 42%461&&'. ! *(A%G . :% %2%4# L 1, C% & 2%-:2# ,1" )2#&,#) ': 2%-(; &&' #$% ! 1*1; 4(;%:, )1216# !&+ ! )2!A&1&+ 4# #, 2( ( =*!A%2%4&1 % %=# &1 &!5!*%, ! #*( #$% !&&'. ! . :% %2%4%G, ,1" )2#&,#) 21!*-(L + ' *#D1 -! (;% #, :%*# #$% ! 1*+ #' *' #;1 # %:( 5("& +)% !A( 4% #$% !&,'. *G 2!, LG ( ) D&%/ 21!*-!, / ,+%A% )2#&,#)( !;#; . :% %2%4%G ;%6&! !6! # %" F!: , C% :%*# )2% 'A%; 1764–1769 22. & 61 &1 )2!,G ! ( !2: +:%;( :%*1A (; , % ;%&! #2 +:#$ (A 44'$ )1214; ' !2:% ! -A(2 ( ! &! :%*% 1=1 &!"-4 =& D#$ #$% !&, -A!4!&%A% :%*1A (;(. % # 5!*# - 2-& &!(:#, ) !*# 5% #2+%$A%*% :!& ! # !;%A% . :% %2%4# . &.

2#&,#) &!2%4&% )14!A%A , , ': 4%;%, )12D1 %=b2(& % !&% @. . %;1& +:#;, ':#" &! )2% # !A( 1214&+% 5& " $%*! #, %= %G ! 41G &! 5!&&' 4 1" 2 4&%G ;% %G. 4&!: :% %2%4! -&!5&% D#2D1 2!: (L )%&' ' “&!2%4&% ”. %&!, &! 4(;:( )14!A%A!, -(;% *GL + ' ; (:*!4%; 6# ', %2#5# (;% !;#, ;% %G, :(*+ (2%G, :!6(5# (5! &%G ;% %G, ;1& !*+& G &!2%4(.

2#2%4% 4)% 4& +, ': )14!A%A 5" )2#&,#), %= %G !*# ( " 5! @. . %;1& +:#", . . 1 !*%,, ! J.-J. ( %. !&& ", 41!*-(G5# 4# '5( )2#2%4(, 2!4# (61 - 4 %$2 5&%A% :( -%*G ! # 4# #&( 4 ; +:%A% 1214% #C!, 41, &! "%A% 4(;:(, )!&(L ;%2!*+&! 2%-=1C1& +, C%= ( !:#" )% =, 1214 )2#2%4#, A% ( ! # 4# #&( 4% ;!"=( &+%A% 6# '. 2% 2-& )2#2%4& -!4! :# 4 &!2%461&&' )# ! ( XV . . . 1*+ 1, ".

! 4; &( 4 %/$ )%)1214: , :% %2%4! # ( !L 41G “ )%2 4&1&%A%”, %= % )2#2%4% 4)% 4&%A% #$% !&&'. 2#2%4& -!4! :# ( *G41" &1%4&!:% . *1 :%6&! *G4#&!, &! "%A% 4(;:(, ;!L ;%6*# +, )#2!G5# + &! $, 2%-A%2&( # ( ) D&( 4 '*+& + ( " 5# &D " A!*(-. # *# 1*+ 4!L + ' 4% !:%A% %=2!-(. 2#2%4!, )# ! &, )%4 =&! 4% =!A! %A% F%& !&!, C% &!)% &GL 2-& )% (4# 4% )% &%/ ; :% .

! . :% %2%4%G, A%*% 4*' )14!A%A! L )-&!&&' 4% :%&!*1&&' )2#2%4$ -4 =&% 1" :%6&%/ *G4#. : *+:# 4%*' ( ) *+ ! -!*16# + 4 4!*%A% #=%2( :%6 "%A% 5*1&%; )%2 4&1&%/ 4 '*+&% 4)% 4&% 4% )2#2%4$ -4 =&% 1" ! )%:*#:!&&', %, A% (G5# 4 1" 4% L/ 5# &D%/

4 '*+&% , &! !;)1214 4%, *+&% 2!$% ( ! # /$& &!$#*# ! ()%4%=!&&'. #$%4'5# - *! $ )2#&,#) , :% %2%4! ( )2# 5 “ -: I :

)# ! : “ *! #-&! % )# !' 1 +: 1) =*!A% 2%4# +; 2) %$2! + ;*!4%1 -42! #1;

3)&!(5# + =*!A%4!2&% #”.

2D “> : D :- ” ! &. %2!$ & ( %5&GL -! 4!&&' #$% !&&'

-2% !G5%/ % %=# % . % $ 51" &! !;)1214 4&% # +: 1) 2%-(;% 1

96

#$% !&&' 4 1"; 2) !&% *1&&' /$ ': ;!"=( &$ 2(4 : () 4A% % :! 4% “ )%2 4&1&%/” )2!, ); 3) ;%2!*+&1 #$% !&&'.

2. . ,

%-(;% #" 2%-# %: *G4#, -! . :% %2%4%G, &1%=$4" 4*' )-&!&&' &! :%*#D&+%A% ( !;%/ 1=1 – C%= 4 " # 4% #. 6121*%; ($ -&!&+ & !6! 4% 4, )2!: #:(, 6# '. 2#2%4&%, C% 51" %= %G ! &1%=$4& + &! 5!&&' $ 4 1", &1-!*16&% 4 /$ %, !*+&%A% !&(. !A!*%; D:%*# ;!G + =( # 2 4&%;% # ! 4% ()# 4*' &! 5!&&'. 2 ; 2 4&%;% &% , 51" %=b2(& % ( ! &1%=$4& + !:#$ &! 5!*+$ )2#&,#) , ': 4% ()& +, -’'-%: &! 5!&&' - )2!: #:%G, 2!$( !&&' & 121 :%6&%/ % %=# % .

% -; ( % # )14!A%A :*G5! A2!;! #:(, ;! 1;! #:(, F-#:(, ;1$!& :(, ;(-#:(, F *% %F G, ;14#,#&(, G2# )2(41&, G, A1%A2!F G, &%-1;& ;% #, $; G, ! 2%&%; G, -1;*12%= %, ;%2!*+. #; A*#=D1 )% & D1 % %*%4 !L *G4#&! -&!&&';#, #; = *+D( )% 21=( %&! 45( !L ( $.

1 " & 121 !&% *' + )%2!4# :% %2%4# C%4% 2%=% # &!4 :A%G. &% %G &! 5!&&' :% %2%4! !6! &!' & + & 121 (, =!6!&&' )-&! # &% 1, 4% 5%A% ;!L )%&(:! # 5# 1*+. 1214 -! %= ! ;1 %4 &! 5!&&' )14!A%A #4 *' *1:, /, 4%)% 4 , =1 4#, 2%-;% #, 4# )( #. )2%,1 &! 5!&&' 21=!, &! "%A% 4(;:(, 2!$% ( ! # &!$#*# -4 =&% 4 1", :% ! /$ &4# 4(!*+&

% %=*# % .

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

:% %2%4! %4 - )12D#$ (:2!/& +: " )14!A%A , -12 !L + ' 4% % %=# % 5# 1*'. ! "%A% 4(;:(, 5# 1*+ ;!L &! !;)1214 4=! # )2#' # 2%-:2# G ! F%2;( !&&G ( )2%,1 &! 5!&&' )2#2%4$ &!$#* ! ;%6*# % 1" 4# #. !6*# #; ( ,+%;( -''-:( L "%A% )%*%61&&' )2% -!L;%)% !A( 42(6=( ; 6 (5# 1*1; (5&1;.

5# 1*+, #$% ! 1*+ ;!L =( # &12%-2# &% )% ''-!" - &!2%4%;. 5# 1*+ – ,1 4=!"*# #" !4 :, ':#", !: # &% 2(5!G5# + ( )2#2%4" $4 2%-# :( #$% !&,', 141 "%A% )% &!)1214 &!; 51&%;( D*'$(. *1 4*' %A%, C%= )14!A%A 4%=21 #:%&( ! %/ %=% ’'-:#, & !; )% #&1& ;! # “ )%2 4&1& +” 4% 5# 1*+ +:%/ 4 '*+&% , 4% ; / &! ! :! ;%*%4 .

!-&!5#;%, C% " !; :% %2%4! =( ( " 5! )21:2! 5# 1*1;, 5(4% #; ;!" 2%; =1 4 &! 2-&%;!& & ;%2!*+& 1;#. #:*!4!&& 121' *! +:%;( ! !2: +:%;( :%*1A (;!$, ( =1 4!$ - )2% #;# 1*'&!;#, *# !$ 4% (5& 42(- )2% # 1*+ )%:!-! # %: -2!-:# *%A 5&%A%, 4(;*# %A% " 4 L %A% )121:%&!&&'.

% 5# 1*' ;# *# 1*+ ! # 1*#: #;%A#: &! !;)1214 A*#=%: -&!&&', 44!& + %L;( &!2%4(, A(;!&& +, )% !A( 4% #$, :%A% & &! 5!L, -4! & + )121:%&*# % %*%4 # *% %;, 12)*'5 +, =1-:%2# *# + ! &.

)#2!G5# + &! &!2%4&1 2%-(; &&' )2!, , )14!A%A %= %G ! &1%=$4& + ) 4A% % :# 4 1" 4% “ )%2 4&1&%/” 2(4% %/ 4 '*+&% . ! "%A% )121:%&!&&';, :2!C1 =( # !*!&% # #; =%&4!21;, & 6 =1-4!2 )# +;1&:%;. 2#2%4&%, C% )2!, *G4#&! - &!"= *+D%G )% &% %G 21!*-(L %/ ;%6*# % , )2#&% '5# 97

&!"= *+D( :%2# + ( ) *+ (. !;1 5121- )2!,G

21!*-(L + '

;%2!*+&1

!;% 4% :%&!*1&&' *G4#. ! . :% %2%4%G, ( )$

( 4 '*+&%

*G4#

-(;% *GL + ' &1 *#D1 // -4 =&% ';#, ! " !:#;# ':% ';#, ': )2!,+% # +, 12)*'5 +, ; &&' %*%4 # %=%G, )%; 2:% !& +, 4%=2%51 & +, )2! 14*# +, 4%=2%-#5*# +, 4'5& +, :2%;& +, =!4+%2 + 4($( (“:(2!6”), ! !:%6 A(;!&-; ! ;#*% 124'.

%2!*+&1 #$% !&&' ;!L )#2! # ' &! 4-&!51&& )%4':#. “ )%4', -!$% !*% ' ':1 =*!A% ': %A%&+ *% )2#5!/*% ' :21;1& . 2(G )% 4!G. % $% -;%61 )%:*! # 2(:# &! 5(61, ':C% 2!& D1 &1 -!A(=# + 4'5& +, ': 4% %*+&'L + ' *! %/;, :% 2! )% #*!L + ' /" 4 %A!? 3 &1 4'5&% ;( %:, &1( !A! 6!4%=!, - 6!4%=# - -!-42 +, ! - -!-42% - *1 %C , 2%-:2!4!&&', :2% %)2%*# ' ':! )2 2 ! =1--!:%& ”.

!)%2(:%G ( ) D&%A% #$% !&&' 4 1", -! . :% %2%4%G, ;!G + =( # 4%=2 &! !&% #, #:%2 &1&&' )%A!$ -#5%:. & 21:%;1&4( ! ( -’'-:( - ,#; !: ;1 %4# #$% !&&', ': =1 4!, 2%-’' &1&&', )2#:*!4, )%2!4# ! &. #$% (G5# 4 1", 2!4# &, &1%=$4&% 4! ! # ' 4% )121:%&!&+, )2# 5! # /$ :2# #5&% !&!*-( ! # %/ 5#&:#.

1*#:%A% -&!51&&' ( 2%-# :( ;% # !, / ;%2!*+&%/ )% 14 &:# % %=# % :% %2%4! &!4! ! )%5( ';. !&& &!"' :2! D1 #' #*# + ( "%A% 51&& )2% “ 12,1” *G4#. 12,1, -! :% %2%4%G, – ,1 L4& + 4(;%:, )%5( )2!A&1&+ *G4#. ' L4& +, %51 #4&%, )%*'A!L %;(, C% 4(;:#, -(;% *GG5# )%5( ' % %=# % , %" 61 5! !; !G + A*#=%:% & #;#, -!4(D1 #. %, #$%4'5# - A*#=# 4(D % %=# % , -A2 // )%5( ';#, !G + )121:%&!&&';#, #-&!5!G5# #; !;#; // 4 /. #-&!5!*+ ( ;%2!*+&%;( #$% !&& , -! "%A% )121:%&!&&';, L F%2;( !&&' -#5%: # %:%;%2!*+&%/ )% 14 &:# ;%*%4 , % : *+:# “-#5:! &1 -&!# 6# 1 , &% 41*!#”. 1-(*+ ! %; ;%2!*+&%A% #$% !&&' L % %=# +, :% 2! )2!A&1 ! # :2!C%G. #$%4'5# - ,#$ )%*%61&+, :% %2%4! -12 !L !:%6 % %=*# ( ( !A( &! #&' :% 1 -&!51&&' )% !A# *G=% 4% 4 1", A(;!&&%A% ! *1&&' 4% $ - =%:( =! +: !2D#$, 5# 1* .

!A!*%; #$% !&&', -! . :% %2%4%G, )% #&&% -4 " &G ! # ' &! !;)1214 5121- )2!,G, ':( & !6! % &% %G ( ) *+&%A% 6# ', ': “&!5!*%” “ &1,+” C! ', ': 1& 6# ' *G4#.

3. . .

. .' (1711–1765) &!2%4# ' . %*;%A%2# 2$!&A1*+ +:%/ A(=. ( ;’/ 2#=!*:#. *1;1& !2&( % ( -4%=( ( *+ +:#$ 4%;!D&$ 5# 1* -! ) 42(5:!;# . ;% 2#,+:%A% ! . !A,+:%A%. 61 19- 2 5 G&!:%; ()# 4% % :% +:%/ *% ’'&%-A21:%-*! #& +:%/ !:!41; /. 2% 'A%; 1733 2%:( &! 5! ' ( #L %-%A#*'& +: " !:!41; /. -& D1, - 1736 )% 1741 22., &! 5! ' ( ;155#& ( # 5! $; G, ;! 1;! #:(, F-#:(, F *% %F G ( -&!;1 %A% 1"=& ,!). 3 1742 2. )2#-&!51" !4’G&: %;, ! - 1745 2. – )2%F1 %2%; $; /, )-& D1 !:!41; :%; % " +:%/ :!41; / !(:. #;!*% 2%: %A% 6# ' 44! 51" )2! 2%-# :( A ;&!-/ ! (& 12 # 1 ( )2# % " +: " , )2!,GG5# %" 61 5! #:*!4!51; ( ,#$ -!:*!4!$.

!;1 1&,#:*%)14#5& + &!(:% #$ & 121 )%&(:!*! 51&%A% 4% , *%/ -:# 4:2# ( 2-$ &!)2';:!$ &!(:#: F *% %F /, $; /, ;! 1;! #:#, A1%A2!F /, F-#, ! &. 2%A21 *G4 ! 51" =!5! ( 2%-# :( &!(:# " % #.

#$% !&& &!(:% 1,+ 4 %G ! )2#&,#) &!2%4&% , ) 4:21 *GG5#, C% 2% " +:%;( &!2%4% *! # *G=% 4% 5#-, A(;!&& +, 2& + A2%;!4 +:%A% %=% ’'-:(, )2!,+% # +, 4%)# *# +, 4 !A!, :2%;& +. 1 %G #$% !&&', &! "%A% 4(;:(, ;!L =( # ) 4A% % :! A2%;!4'& %L/ 5#-.

98

% -; ( % # & :*G5! # 51&&' 2 4&%/ ;% #, * 12! (2#, %2 /, ;! 1;! #:#, &%-1;$ ;% , )2#2%4%-&! !, ) / #:#, 2# %2#:#, A1%A2!F /.

# 1;! % #, &! "%A% 4(;:(, )% #&&! :*!4! # ' - 2+%$ ()1& 4126! &%/ =1-!&% %/ D:%*#: )%5! :% %/, 1214&+%/ (A ;&!-/) ! #C%/ ((& 12 # 1 (). %*% &1 -! 4!&&' D:%*# )%*'A!L ( %;(, C%= #$% ! # ( 4 1"

*G=% 4% )2!, , &! 5! # /$ “)2! #* )2#"%; )% 14 &:#”, 4! # % (. ! *(A% (G + &! ( !A( ;1 %4#5& )2!, 51&%A%, -%:21;!, “*- ” 4*'

!:!41; 5&%/ A ;&!-/ 4*' A ;&!-/ % :% +:%A% (& 12 # 1 ( (1755). !6*# %, C% )2%1: ! ! ( % :% +:%A% (& 12 # 1 ( 16 2%-2%=*'*# ' %;%&% % #;. ( L #; L 1, C% 51" )1214=!5# !;1 F!:(*+ 1 # ( ,+%;( (-, :% 2 &!")% & D1 44-12:!*G !*# 1&41&, / % %/ )2!: #:# #C#$ &! 5!*+$ -!:*!4 &!")% & D 4% 'A&1&&' % %/ &!(:#. !6*# #;# )2#&,#)!;#

4 '*+&% (& 12 # 1 (, &! "%A% 4(;:(, L 4:2# + ! ! %&%;& +. *' ,+%A% 6 -!:*!4( 51" &!)# ! “* B- 0 * =” ! “G + B- 0 * =”.

 

. %;%&% % %2# !:%6 2'4

) 42(5:

4*' &D#$ #) D: *:

#

-B =”,

:

**”, “# :

 

: : ;

*”, “ - : ”. %:21;!,

: **” . %;%&% % ! )2% 'A%; ) %* ' =(*! &!":2!C#;

)% =:%; # 2#;!*! 5% #2&!4,' + #4!&+.

. %;%&% % !6! , C% % &% # ;1 %4!;# &! 5!&&' L =1 4#, 2%-)% 4 *1:, /, ': 4%, *+&% ()2% %4# # )2! !;#; &! 5!&&' )% #&&% -!=1-)15( ! # 4%;1, ; ,&1, # 1;! #5&1 -! %L&&' ;! 12 !*(. ! 5!*+" ;! 12 !* 4%215&% #:*!4! # :%2% :% # *%, ! :%6&1 1%21 #5&1 )%*%61&&' ) 4:2 )*G ! # F!: !;#; ( &! 5!&& (5& )% 2 =&% 2!$% ( ! # /$ :% % %=*# % , )2#2%4& &!$#*#, %L5! &% )121$%4# # 4 *1A:%A% 4% !6:%A%, 4 )2% %A% 4% :*!4&%A%.

#$% !&& , ': 61 -!-&!5!*% ', . %;%&% % %= %G ! )2#&,#) &!2%4&% . %:21;!, "%;( &!*16# + 41' %2A!&-!, / 2-&%;!& $ -’/-4 4%;!D&$ !:(D12%:. !:%6 & 2%-2%=*' % &% # 2% " +:%/ &!2%4&%/ ;14#,# 4*' )%)121461&&' $%2%= 1214 4 1" )2% %A% 2% " +:%A% *G4(. %A( & ; -! %=%; &!2%4&%A% #$% !&&' 51" !6! )2!,G, )2#:*!4 =! +: .

%215&% -A!4! # " =*!A%4 ",+:( 4 '*+& + %;%&% % !. "%A% =(4#&:( (( 1 12=(2-) )% "&% )2%6# !*# &!"-4 =& D 4 # - ;!*%/ =! +: C#, :% 2 -! :%D # 51&%A% % 2#;( !*# #C( % (.

4.1786

1786 2%, =(*% -! 12461&% “ - -0 B J : :

* /”, -A 4&% - ':#; ( A(=12& +:#$ ; !$ -!)2% !46( !*# + A%*% & &!2%4& (5#*#C! – D:%*# - 4-$ :*! , !*1 - 5-2 5 :(2 %; &! 5!&&', ! )% % #$ – ;!* &!2%4& (5#*#C! – 2-:*! & - 4 %2 5 12; &%; &! 5!&&'. ! 5!&&' %A%*%D( !*% + =1-!&% #; =1-)*! .

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

99

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– ;%61, - ; 2:( !&+, C% !;1 (:2!/& +:#" &!2%4 ;!L % %=*# ( “$#*+& + 4% &!(:”.

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

% ()% % &!2%4& D:%*# !*#5# )121"D*# ( 4!&&' :%& # %2 ", ': -!=%2%&'*# #:*!4!&&' (:2!/& +:%G ;% %G. % 1817 2%:( !*#5#& &1 &( !*%

6%4&%/ 2# !*+&%/ D:%*# - (:2!/& +:%G ;% %G &! 5!&&'.

I-* 9 * , 0 - + >- -B /- = * =, > <- (0 B - /0 D D -+ *). % B- > > + /- 9 , + // -;- -: 0 .

5%*1&! 4($% 1& %;, =%2% +=! -! 2 4&( ;% ( ) 4A% ( !*! A2(& 4*' )%' # “ - /”. 2 " +:#" (2'4 # ()# -! % ( (:2!/& +:%A% &! 1*1&&', !*1 &! & ;1,+:#" *!4. :2!/&-!, ' D:%*# (2'4% =(*! &1 4% )%4%=#.

*' )% !&&' 41:!=2# 1825 2%, =(*% )2% 141&% :%& 221F%2;( D:%*#, A%*% &1 -! 4!&&' ':%/ ,!2 #:%*! #-&!5# , ': ) 4A% % :( *G4# 4% #:%&!&&' &1G !&% #$ %=% '-: . 1!:, "" ! ( 1828 2%:( (-!:%&GL !&% +, ;%&!2$ -;, 21* A "& + -!:*!4 % #. #)# D: * %:2(A!$ =(*# -=12161& , !*1 )%2(D( !*! + &! ()& + ; 6 #, :%6" #) D:%*# %= *(A% ( ! % & )% 21=# )1 &%A% %, !*+&%A% !&(.

! ( 1828 2%:( &! !46( ! (5=% #$ -!:*!4!$ ;(D 2(, -(=2 &&', 4%-%*' *1 & )%:!2!&&', !&% *G ! # 1;( ( %2%A% &!A*'4( -! (5&';# #:*!4!5!;#, 42 = '-:% ( 21A*!;1& !, G (;% /$ 6# ', &! 5!&&' )% 14 &:#. 5=% 1 &! !& !61&&' (5& =(*% 2-:% -= *+D1&1 - ;1 %G -!)% &1&&' /$ 5! (, )%-=! *1&&' ;%6*# % -!";! # + !;% " 5# !&&'; -( 2 5! # + - %4&%* :!;# )%-! (5=% #; -!:*!4%;.

1831 1832 2%:!$ = *+D( 5! #&( A ;&!-/" &! 2! %=1216& " :2!/& =(*% -!:2# %, )%*+ +: )%5! :% D:%*# :! % !&%. !; + $ &! !46( !*# + ,12:% & )2! % *! & D:%*#, &! 5!*+& -!:*!4# -!:2# %A% #)( 4*' 4 %2'&.

)12D " )%*% #& . &! %=1216& " :2!/& =(*% %21&% , *#" 2'4 A ;&!-" ( !2: , 12& A , % A%2%4-12 +:#", %* ! !, ! 12#&% *! , 12 %&).

100

Источник: https://studfile.net/preview/16410002/