Материал: Istoriia_pedahohiky
:! %*#,+: |
|
)2% 1 !& +: |
|
;%&! #2 +: ! )!2!F '*+& |
||
D:%*# |
|
D:%*# |
|
)2! % *! & D:%*# |
||
=2! +: |
|
D:%*# &!, %&!*+$ |
|
)%*:% |
! 5% |
D:%*# ;!&42 $ |
D:%*# |
|
;1&D#& |
|
D:%*# |
4': |
|
$% !
1.-!L;%-’'-%: % # :(*+ (2# (:2!/& +:%A% 42%461&&' (XV .).
2.# 1;! %2A!&-!, / &! 5!&&' ( #L %-%A#*'& +: " :%*1A /.
3.# 1;! :%-!,+:#$ D: * :2!/& (XV ).
4.# 1;! #$% !&&' *#,!2'-:%-!:! (XV .).
5.%L4&!&&' &!(:# ;# 1, ( #$% !&& (41& #L %-%A#*'& +:%/ !:!41; /.
% % $ $%
1.=b2(& (" 1 5#&:# #:&1&&' =2! +:#$ D: * :2!/& .
2.5%;( )%*'A!L #& 1- &!(:# ;# 1, ( 4 '*+&% #L %-%A#*'& +:%/ !:!41; /?
3.% 14 +, 5%;( #L %-%A#*'& +:! !:!41; ' #2-&'*! ' 41;%:2! #-;%; %2A!&-!, / &! 5!&' A2%;!4 +:%A% 6# ' (41& ?
4.A!4!" 1 &!" 4%; D#$ #)( :: )2%F1 %2 #L %-%A#*'& +:%/ !:!41; /.
1. 2! +:! D:%*!, ':! =(*! )12D%G %21&! :2!/& : ) + ; >) # / ; ) $ .
2. ':#$ D:%*!$ :2!/ )12D1 -!)2% !461&! :*! &%-(2%5&! # 1;! &! 5!&&': ) 0; >) B 0; ) > 0.
3. |
':#$ D:%*!$ &!-# !*# &!"-4 =& D%A% (5&' !(4# %2%;? ) # C- |
|
- ; >) 9 - >+ ; ) . |
||
4. |
12D#; 21: %2%; |
2%-+:%/ D:%*# =( : ) #. + :; |
>) %. * ; :; ) .G .
5.1 2% %A#*! %= ";! ( #L %-%A#*'& +: " !:!41; / )% !4(: ) ; >) < ; ) .
6.#L %-%A#*'& +:! !:!41; ' ;!*! !:( # 1;( %2A!&-!, /: )
- < ; >) * - * 9 0 9 0 -; ) * *.
7.1214&$ :*! ( #L %-%A#*'& +: " !:!41; / &!* 5( !*% ': ) , * ; >) , ; ) , , < < /.
8.#=%2# ( #L %-%A#*'& +: " !:!41; / =(*#: ) , < , B ; >) ; ) , - - -, B .
86
(XV – XV )
1.C : 0 -0 ; - - - - D-- /-. 9 /- B-: . - '. > B.
2./- * . * ; .
3.-; . - . % .
4.B- . -; . ; .
5.- -B- - G. B .
' :
1.%2 ' :2!/ % %=!$: X–XY ./ 4 214. . !;#& +:%A% ! &. – .: :2!/&!, 1993.
2.% *'2 ., (*+5#,+:#" . I*'$!;# : : % 4: - %2 / :2!/. – .: :2!/&!, 1993.
3.2! 1,+ . %2 ' (:2!/& +:%/ D:%*# )14!A%A :#. – 12&%) *+, 1994.
4.A L&:% . . :2!/& +:! :(*+ (2!: %2% :! %2 ' :(*+ (2&%A% 6# ' (:2!/& +:%A% &!2%4(. – ., 1992. 141 .: *.
5.(= 1*+" 21 . :2!/&!: %2 ' / 12. !&A. S. .I1 5(:!; . . . . (*+5#,+:%A%. – 2-1 #4. – .: #= 4+, 1992.
6.1 : +:#" . . %2 ' )14!A%A :#. – 2-1 #4. 4%). – .: 1& 2 &! 5.*-2#, 2005.
7. G=!2 . . ! &. %2 ' (:2!/& +:%/ )14!A%A :# /-! 214. . . 1*+;!$% #5!. – .: , 2000.
(')*+ '+ , , /0 2
3 - ’ , "- 5 , “5- ”, , “' ”, .
1. < -. :
. B.
:2!/& +:1 :(*+ (2&1 42%461&&' 2%-A%2 !*% ' &! &!, %&!*+& " % &% , !*1, =1-)1215&%, &%;( -’'-:( ) 4 )*# %; % #$ :(*+ (2$ )2%,1 . ! -; , $!2!: 12 )2';% !& + (:2!/& +:%/ ( ) *+&%/ 4(;:#, % # " :(*+ (2# )2! #*# )*# 41/ (;!&-;( 1F%2;!, /, ': )!&( !*# ( K 2%) ( V –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
-!$4&%L 2%)1" +:#$ (& 12 # 1 !$.
9 /- B- '. > B . -.
)# :!$ -!2(= 6$ (41& , )%5#&!G5# - X V ., ;%6&! 4&!" # (:2!/&, , ': -! &!, %&!*+&%G )2#&!*16& G -&!5#*# ' ': RUTENUS,
87
ROXOLANUS, RUSS CUS ( ( 1& ' %: %*!& ' – ,1 &!-# :2!/, )%D#21& !$4& " K 2%) 5! #).
#;!*% (:2!/&, , ': &! 5!*# + -! :%24%&%;, !*# 4%;#;# 51#, )2%F1 %2!;#, ;14#:!;#, )%1 !;#, $(4%6:!;#, )214 ! :!;# A(;!& #5&%/ :(*+ (2# &! !$%4 .
1214 $ S2 " 2%A%=#5, !=% S2 " % 12;!: 5# 1%2A " - ( (1450–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
S. 2%A%=#5 – )12D#" 5#-&'" ! %2 42(:% !&%/ :A#. 14832. ( 2#; +: " #)%A2!F / *+=12! =(*! &!42(:% !&! "%A% :A! “ - B- ;- - -9- 1481 ” *! #& +:%G ;% %G, ':! )%5#&!*! ' ()%; ( #A*'4 2D!, C% 4!L ) 4 ! # !6! # "%A% )12D#; A(;!& #5 )%1 %; :2!/. %A% )12( &!*16# + 41: *+:! &!(:% #$ 2!: ! A!*(- ! 2%&%; / ! A1%A2!F /.
S. 2%A%=#5 – 51" - % #; ;’';, 2'4 "%A% )2!,+ -=12 A!L + ' (& 12 # 1 +:#$ = =* % 1:!$ !$4&%/ K 2%)#.
% (:2!/& +:#$ A(;!& !:%6 &!*16!*# ! *% ( #& - 2% &! – & 12# %2 ' %*+C (=*#-+:% 1470 – =*#-+:% 1517), (:!D - % %A% ! (2.&.&1 4.
– 1542). !& *! 2$% +:#"-%: %*!& (1513–1566) ! &.
14!A%A )%1-A(;!& ! *% ( #& &!2%4# ' &! 12# %2 /, -! 1*1& " *1;:!;# – (:2!/& +:! 1 & 5&! A2()!, ':! & )2%6# !L &! 12# %2 / !:!2)! +:%/ %=*! , %*+C , 1$/, *% !: /. !: &5# 21" !*+4 +:#" (& 12 # 1 ( ;155#& . 1 "%A% )%4!*+D1 6# ' )% ’'-!&1 - )14!A%A 5&%G ! #4! %G 4 '*+& G ( 2!: +:%;( (& 12 # 1 . 1506 2%, "%;( )2# %L" (51" () &+ ;!A 2!.
1214 (5& . ( #&! =(*# #4! & *% ’'& +: )%1 # XV . @& !& #D1:, @& - #,* , ;!"=( & )# +;1&:# ! )14!A%A#, #$4, - :2!/ ! *%2( /. . ( #& #4! ! %2# $%2 ! +:%-(A%2 +:%A% )# +;1&:! @&! !&&%& '.
1491 2. ( 2!:% . ( #& )2#";! (5! + ( 2%=% #)%A2!F / M.I !")%*+ ! )% 42(:( !&&G ! #4!&&G :#2#*#5 D2#F %; )12D#$ :%: *% ’'& +:%G ;% %G. 1214 $ =( ! % *% 4*' &! 5!&&' 4 1" A2!;% :2!/& , *%2( / ! % /. *' 2("&( !&&' :! %*#,+:#; 4($% 1& %; 4! &+%2( +:#$ :A%$% #C &! -!$4&%(:2!/& +:#$ -1;*'$, . ( #& !6! /$ #4!&&' 1*#:%G )121;%A%G ( 42%461&& % # &! :2!/& . @: S. 2%A%=#5,
& )# ! *! #& +:%G ;% %G. 12! (2&! )!4C#&! . ( #&! 1*#51-&!. *+:# -= 2, “ - - + # - ” &!2!$% (L + ' = *+D1 4 # . 2'4: . %A%
%2# =(*# -&!"41& !2$!$ )%5!*# # 5! # ' (:2!/& +:#;# ! )%*+ +:#;# 51# 2%$# = *+D1 & 6 30 2%: %;(.
&1 %: (:2!/&, L 2%)1" +:( A(;!& #5&( :(*+ (2( 5! 42%461&&' 4 ! # %:( %, &:(. “ #$4, - :2!/& +:#$ 1) ”, )% 12 !G5# + &! =! +: C#&( ) *' &! 5!&&' K 2%) , ':1 &%4 2# !*% 10–15 2%: , &1 )%*#D!*#
88
%L/ 4 '*+&% . ! :%*% $ A(2 ( !*# ' )2%A21 # &! (:2!/& +:! ;%*%4+, F%2;( !*# ' )% * 4% :#.
!:#; 5#&%;, A(;!& #5&! :(*+ (2! 4%=# 42%461&&' -2%=#*! -&!5" )*# &! 2%-# %: (:2!/& +:%A% 4($% &%A% 6# '. 4%2%=%: (:2!/& +:#$ A(;!& , *:%; )2! 14*# % 21=! !6! # 5! #&%G :(*+ (2&%/ )!4C# :2!/.
2. .
( ) "& (1572–1633) &!2%4# ' 1* ;% 2#5 ( ;1*+,+:! %=*! +). ! +:% "%A% =( )12D#; 21: %2%;
2%-+:%/ D:%*#.
()1215*# !, =1& 16&! &! (2! . ;% 2#,+:%A% 4%;! %/;# $# !&&';# ; 6 )2! % *! ’'; ! (& ! %;. & -!*#D# A*#=%:#" * 4 %2 / (:2!/& +:%/ &!(:#
:(*+ (2# ': (51" ! ;# *# 1*+.
18 %2 . ;% 2#,+:%A% 5# &1 &!"= *+D1 -&!51&&' - %2#:%- )14!A%A 5&%A% )%A*'4( ;!L “% * - - -*” –
#-&!5&! )!;’' :! 5#-&'&%/ )14!A%A 5&%/ * 12! (2#. #"D*! 42(:%; %&! 1619 2. ; G (= *' *+&%). A%4%; )121 #4! !*! + % : , =(*! )121:*!41&! ;!"61 &! *% ’'& : ;% #. %2 &'&&' ) 42(5:! . ;% 2#,+:%A% - “ *+F% 1 %;” (1591) )%:!-(L, C% 51" :%2# ( ! ' ( %/" 2%=% A2!;! #:%G A21:%-*% ’'& +:#$ ;% , %21&%G ( + +: " =2! +: " D:%* .
4%;%, ': # %:% %, &1&! )%D#21&! =(*! ,' A2!;! #:! XV ! XV %* '$: %&! !*! &! 5!*+ )% =:%; ( D:%*!$ % / !6 4% 1755 2%:( ()%:# // &1 )%5!*! -! ()! # A2!;! #:! . %;%&% % !), ! !:%6 *% ’'& +:#$ :2!/&!$ 41&&%/ K 2%)#, 46121*%; 4*' )%4!*+D#$ &!(:% #$ 2%-2%=%: *% ’'& +:%/ ;% #.
1& !*+" . . %;%&% % – %21,+ )12D%/ )% &%/ A2!;! #:# 2% " +:%/ ;% #, ':#" !; 5# ' -! ) 42(5:%; . ;% 2#,+:%A%, &!-# ! // “ 2! !;# (51&% #” ! &1%4&%2!-% % -!-&!5! , C% !;1 %&! =(*! % &% %G 4*' &!)# !&&' "%A% A2!;! #:#.
1*1 " ;% 2#,+:#" 2%-2%=*' )# !&&' %2F%A2!F /, %2 L& (G5# + &! !2% *% ’'& +:( ': )2!;% (, &! ': " =!-( !*# ' ;% # *% ’'& +:#$ &!2%4 . !;1 ,1 -2%=#*% :A( &!4-#5!"&% )%)(*'2&%G ( *% ’'& +:%;( . % &!D#$ 4& -=121A*% ' =!A! % // % &% $ )%&' + ( A2!;! #, *% ’'& (%2F%A2!F ', #& !: # , 1 #;%*%A ', &!-# 5! #& ;% #, 2%4#, 4; &:# .4.). ' :A! &! #51&! )2#:*!4!;#, ': )%*1AD( !*# # 51&&' A2!;! #:#. 1*#:( )14!A%A 5&( , && + ;!G + 21:%;1&4!, / C%4% 4%;%A% -! %L&&' &! 5!*+&%A% ;! 12 !*( ()1215 1214&+% 5 :!&%&!; -!4%=2G !&&' 4%A;! #-;(.
41/ . ;% 2#,+:%A% )2% )%D#21&&' % # 1214 &!2%4(, 41/ )! 2 % #5&%A% #$% !&&' =%2% +=# )2% # &!, %&!*+&%A% %, !*+&%A% A&%=*1&&' ;!*# 1*#:#" )*# &! 2%-# %: )14!A%A 5&%/ 4(;:# :2!/& .
3. . .
!&% *1&& " 2%-# :( )2%A21 # &%/ )14!A%A 5&%/ 1%2 / )2!: #:# )%-# # &( 2%*+ 4 A2!*! 4 '*+& + !; % 12#&4# – 4%;%A% )2% # 1*' : &,' XV )12D%/ )%*% # XV . 2#)( :!G +, C% & &!2%4# ' ( 50–70 2%:!$
89
XV . ;%*4! +: " ;’/ &! 2#:!2)! , !=% ( %*4% . %, !*+&1 )%$%461&&' &1 4%;1. ( -4%=( ! ( + +: " =2! +: " D:%* , ) *' -!: &51&&' ':%/ )2!,G ! )1 " 5! ( 42(:!2& M. !*!=!&! 2' #& , )%=*#-( 1216!&.
4 2#;(G5# & -’'-:# - + +:#; =2! %;, . 12#&4! 41':#" 5! )2!,G ! 5# 1*1; =2! +:%/ D:%*#, )-& D1 – 42(:!2&'$ + % !, 121;#D*', ! - 1616 )% 1619 2. – 42(:!2& #L %-1512 +:%/ ! 2#.
!"= *+D 4%;%G )2!,1G . 12#, ':! ;!L 1*#:1 )14!A%A 5&1 -&!51&&', L *% : “$ - - - : : *- - ”. & ' *' %=%G
1&,#:*%)14#5&1 -=2!&&' 4%;% 1" )2% -% & D& " , )2#2%4( ! *G4#&(. 2# "%A% &!)# !&& . 12#&4! ! # -! ;1 ( &1 *+:# )%*1AD# # # 51&&' &!(:, !*1 " -2%=# # "%A% 4%;#;.
% %2 / :2!/ %!: " !*' % +:#" (=*#-+:% 1620–1688) ( "D% ': )14!A%A, )# +;1:-)%*1; , )(=* ,# , ( ) *+" 4 '5.
( % 2#;! #/ +: " :%*1A / ) 4 :12 , %; . !2!&% #5!. 1649 – 1651 22. =( )2%F1 %2%; 2# %2#:# #/ +: " :%*1A /, 1951 2. )2#"&' 512&1,+:#" !&, 1659 2. )% 12&( ' 4% #L ! ! #/ +:%/ :%*1A /.
1664 2. . !*' % +:#" #/-4# + - #L ! ! ;!&42(L )% :2!/& *%2( / ( )%D(:!$ ;! 12 !* - 6# ' &!2%4( 4*' %/$ :%:. 1669 2. 4% % !&&$ 2%: %A% 6# ' %= ";!L )% !4( !2$;!&42# ! K*1,+:%A% ;%&! #2' ( 12& A% .
%25! 4 '*+& + . !*' % :%A% ) )!*! - -!: &51&&'; &!, %&!*+&% #-%*+&%/ " (:2!/& +:%A% &!2%4( ) 4 )2% %4%; . ;1*+,+:%A%. )% %L&" 5! #/ +:! :%*1A ' %)#*! ' '6:%;( !& . . !*' % +:#" =!A! % -2%=# 4*' // 42%461&&'.
1*#:#; &1 :%; ( 2%-# %: )14!A%A 5&%/ 1%2 / ! )2!: #:# :2!/& ! "%A% )% =: - 2# %2#:# “! , > > -- +- ”, ( ':%;( 4!&
:%&:21 & 21:%;1&4!, / 4*' ) 4A% % :# ! #A%*%D1&&' 2-&%A% 2%4( %2! %2 +:#$ )2%;% . %=*# % !6*# #; !6! & 1, C%= :%6&1 *% % =(*% -2%-(; *1 4*' *($!5!, C%= )2%;% 1,+ &1 *+:# !; 4%=21 (' *' %= ( + %A%, )2% C% 141 ;% (, !*1 " ; )1214! # // *($!5!;, 2%-*(;!5# # ! 4%&1 # 4% /$ 4%;% .
% =:# . !*' % +:%A% D#2%:% #:%2# % ( !*# ' &! 5!*+$ -!:*!4!$ :2!/, *%2( / ! % /, 5#; )2#'*# )%4!*+D%;( 2%-# :( 5#-&'&%/ )14!A%A :#.
4.. C.
)14!A%A 5& " 4(;, ,+%A% )12 %4( ;%6&! #4 *# # %F , "&( # 1;( % # #$% !&&', ':! #2!6!*! & 121 # )!& $ :*! , )2%A21 # &( )14!A%A 5&( 1%2 G )2!: #:(, ! ) 1 4%&!2%4& )14!A%A 5& 1%2 / " 41/.
6 )214 ! :!;# ,#$ &!)2'; "D*! 2# !*! " A% 2! =%2% +=!. %&! )%-&!5#*! + &! #$% & " % & " 4 '*+&% , )14!A%A 5& " ! $(4%6& " * 12! (2 .
2%A21 # & )14!A%A 5& 41/ %A% 5! ( 4%=2!6!*# ' ! ( !$ =2! +:#$ D: *, 2-$ )%*1; 5$ %2!$ 21* A "&%A% )%* #5&%A% $!2!: 12(, -%:21;!, %2!$ #4! $ 4 '5 =2! +:#$ D: * ! 21& ' ! 1F!&! #-!& / , %2!$ !&! #D1& +:%A%, #2#*! ! 2% 1,+:%A%, % ! %21,+:%A% ! &.
* 12! (2&%-$(4%6&$, )%*1; 5$, %2#5$ )2!,'$ )# +;1&: )2% # 1* :2!/ ,+%A% )12 %4( -&!$%4#;% 4(;:# )2% %, !*+&( 2%*+, $!2!: 12 -&!51&&' #$% !&&' " % #. 2%-# :( )14!A%A 5&%/ 4(;:# ( XV . ;%6&! 5 :% #4 *# # 4 ! &!)2';#: %2 L& !, ' &! -2!-:# A21,+:%/ :(*+ (2# " % # (K) F!& " *! #&1,+:#") ! 2%-# %: )14!A%A 5&%/ 1%2 / )2!: #:# &!
90