The term frontier generally applies to the outer limit of settlement of any people. It may or may not be coincided with a boundary, because boundaries are divisions, not just limits.
International boundaries on land involve description, delimitation and demarcation. Most international boundaries are described in treaties only of references to major geographical features, such as rivers and watersheds or geographical points and lines expressed in longitude and latitude.
These may serve political purposes, the actual delimitation of the boundary in relation to the Earth`s surface. A treaty may describe the boundary as following the watershed between two peaks, the position of this on the ground may be very difficult to determine exactly.
Where two countries wish to delimit the boundary, it is usually necessary to agree on a precise delimitation which depends in turn on the interpretation of the treaty in relation to the actual ground. Once the position of the boundary has been agreed on, it is necessary to demarcate it, that is to actually markets position on the ground. Normally it is marked by boundary posts at intervals. In forested country it is normal to clear the forest along the boundary line between boundary monuments.
International boundaries are not uniform. They vary in number of ways, depending on the nature and state of agreement applied to them/ the extent of delimitation and demarcation and their acceptance by other nations. The most important classes are as follows.
De jure boundaries are those agreed and accepted by treaty and recognized by other nations. De facto boundaries are those which exists and are enforced by at least one country. They are frequently disputed by other countries, and therefore only have limited recognition. Provisional boundaries are intended to be de facto boundaries until a boundary dispute is settled by treaty.
[Источник: Английский язык. Сборник общенаучных и технических текстов на английском языке: для магистрантов, студентов 1-го, 2-го курсов заоч- ного, дневного и вечернего отделений по специальностям академии [Текст]. Часть 2 / Л.М. Никулина. – Новосибирск: СГГА, 2008. – 69 с., с.33].
zone of conflict, the Earth`s surface, outer limit, an area of desert, to determine exactly, watershed, political purposes, boundary, land, dispute, by treaty
пустыня, точно определить, граница, земля, зоны конфликта, политические цели, внешняя граница, водораздел, поверхность земли, по договору, разногласия
Найдите эквиваленты английским терминам в правой колонке:
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Найдите в тексте слова с префиксами отрицательного значения и переведите их на русский язык.
Изучите следующие формы глаголов активного и пассивного залога в Present, Past и Future Simple.
Active form |
Passive Form |
determine, determines |
is\are determined |
determined |
was/ were determined |
will determine |
will be determined |
Распределите в две колонки формы глаголов активного и пассивного залогов группы Simple:
May lead, isn`t required, may be necessary, generally applies, are agreed and accepted, was settled, compete for control, may not be coincident, will determine, may occur, may be described, involve, will be presented, are not uniform, is disputed, isn`t necessary demarcate, becomes, won`t be concluded.
Заполните пропуски словами, данными под чертой:
The Earth`s resources represent the zones of function or … .
Disputes about international … are settles by force of by … .
The discovery such as petroleum changes the … value of the area.
… points and lines are expressed in longitude and … .
To delimit the boundary it`s necessary … on a precise delimitation.
The most important … of boundaries are de jure and … boundaries.
_________________________________________________________________
De facto, agreement, economic, geographical, to agree, classes, conflict, latitude, boundaries.
International boundaries are the major divisions … the Earth`s surface.
Human societies often compete … control … the Earth`s resources.
Boundaries are often settled … agreement.
The term frontier applies … the outer limit … settlement … any people.
International boundaries … land involve description, delimitation and demarcation.
Most boundaries are described … treaties.
They may be determined … force or … agreement.
What is the title of the text?
What information does the text contain?
Are international boundaries very important for all countries? Why do/don`t you think so?
How are boundaries determined?
Why do conflicts appear between countries?
What is the most preferable way of solving disputable questions?
What geographical features may serve as boundaries?
What do the two countries do to delimit the boundary?
What are the most important classes of boundaries?
Make a conclusion about the role of international boundaries between countries.
Can I help you? – Могу ли я вам помочь?
How much is this?/ how much does this cost? – Сколько это стоит?
I'm just browsing, thanks – Спасибо, я просто присматриваюсь.
That's good value – это подходящая цена.
That's cheap/expensive- это дешево/дорого
Do you sell …? – вы продаете …?
Do you have any …? – у вас есть какие-нибудь ….?
Sorry, we don't sell them –извините, у нас нет такого товара.
Sorry, we don't have any left – извините, такого товара не осталось.
I'm looking for … - я ищу …
Could you tell me where the … is? – Вы не могли бы показать, где находится …?
What size do you need?- Какой Вам нужен размер?
I'll take it – Я это возьму
Would you like anything else? – Желаете что-то еще?
Do you take credit cards? – Вы принимаете кредитные карты?
I'll pay in cash/by card – Я оплачу наличными/картой
Could I have a receipt, please? –Могу ли я получить чек?
I'd like to change this for a different size – Я бы хотел поменять это на другой размер.
Sale – распродажа
Special offer – спецпредложение
b) Прочитайте и переведите следующий диалог:
Shop assistant: Good afternoon, can I help you?
Customer: Hello! Yes, please. I'm looking for training suit. Could you tell me where can I find it?
Shop assistant: Certainly. Follow me, please. … These are the training suits we have.
Customer: Thank you. Oh, I like it!
Shop assistant: What size do you need?
Customer: М, please.
Shop assistant: Here you are.
Customer: How much is this?
Shop assistant: That`s $50.
Customer: OK, that's good value. I'll take it. Do you take credit cards?
Shop assistant: Yes, what is your card number?…
…
Shop assistant: Would you like anything else?
Customer: No, thank you.
Shop assistant: We were glad to see you, good buy!
Customer: Good buy!
с) Составьте собственный диалог с партнером. Используйте диалог из упражнения b) в качестве примера.
Aa
accurate [`ˈækjərət] a – точный
acquisition [ækwɪˈzɪʃən] n - приобретение
actual ground [ˈæktʃəwəl ˈɡraʊnd ] –фактически существующая территория (район)
advantage [æd`væntɪdʒ|]- преимущество
advent [`ædvent] n - появление
alidate [`əlideit] n – угломер
alter [ `ɒltər] – менять
angel [ˈeɪndʒəl] n – угол
angle [æŋɡəl] - угол
animated simulations - динамическое моделирование
appearance [ ə`pɪrəns ] - внешний вид
applied mathematics – прикладная математика
applied mathematics [ə1plaɪd mæθə`mætɪks] - прикладная математика
applу [ə`plaɪ] применять, использовать
assignment [ə`saɪnmənt] - задание
at the dawn [dɔ:n] of history – на заре истории
Bb
bay [beɪ] - бухта, залив
bodies [`bɒdɪs] of water – водное пространство
bottom [`bɒtəm] - дно
boundary [ˈbaʊndəri] n– границы
Cc
cavern [kævən] – пещера, каверна
chart [tʃɑ`t] - карта
clerical work - канцелярская работа
coincident [koʊˈɪnsɪdənt]adj. – совпадающий
collection [kq`lekʃn]n - сбор
compete [kəmˈpiːt] v– конкурировать
complete [kəm`plit] picture – полная картина
complex [ˈkɒmpleks] a - сложный
concern [kənˈsɜːn] v – касаться, иметь отношение
contribution [kɒntrɪ`bju`ʃən] - вклад
Dd
dam [dæm] - дамба, плотина
data [deitə] n - данные
de facto [deɪˈfæktəʊ] adv.– на деле, фактически
de jure [deɪˈdʒʊəreɪ] adv.– юридически
delimitation [di:ˌlɪmɪˈteɪʃən] n – размежевание
demarcate [ˈdiːmɑːrkeɪt] v– разграничивать
demarcation [ˌdimarˈkeɪʃən] n – разграничение
derive from [di`riav] v – получать от …
description [dəˈskrɪpʃən] n– описание
desert [dezət] - пустыня
desert [ˈdezr̩t] n– пустыня
development [d`veləpmənt] – развитие, разработка
dimensions [daɪmɛn(t)ʃ(ə)n] - измерения
directly [dɪˈrektli] adv – прямо, непосредственно
discovery [ˌdɪˈskəvəri] n – открытие, обнаружение
display [dɪˈspleɪ] v – показывать, демонстрировать
dispute [ˌdɪˈspjuːt] n – спор, разногласия
division [dɪˈvɪʒ(ə)n] n– часть, разделение, раздел, деление
Ee
earthquake [`ɝθ`kwek| ]- землетрясение
elevation differences [elɪ`veɪʃən dɪfrənsiz] – разницы высот
environmental [ɪnˌvaɪərənˈmentəl [] –относящийся к окружающей среде
eruption [ɪ`rʌpʃən] – извержение вулкана
essential [ ə`senʃəl] – важный
essential [ɪˈsenʃəl] a – необходимый, существенный
Ff
field [fiːld] a - полевой
frequently [ˈfriːkwəntli] adj.– часто