Материал: English_for_IT_I-II_years

Notes

I. Remember the following set phrases with the verb can:

1. CAN’T/COULDN’T + HELP + DOING smth

e.g.: She can’t help crying. – Вона не може не плакати.

2. CAN’T/COULDN’T +BUT + INFINITIVE (without “to”)

e.g.: I can’t but ask about it. – Мені нічого іншого не залишається, як запитати вас про це. They couldn’t but refuse him. – Їм нічого іншого не залишається, як відмовити йому.

II. The Ukrainian sentences of the type “Невже він не помітив вас? Не може бути, щоб він не помітив вас. Невже йому тут не подобається? Не може бути, щоб йому тут не подобалось” are rendered in English in the following ways:

1. Can (could) he have failed to notice you? 2. Can (could) he dislike it here? 3. Can (could) nobody have seen him do it? 4. Can (could) he have never got my letter? 5. Can (could) it be that he didn’t notice you? 6. He can’t (couldn’t) have failed to notice you. 7. He can’t (couldn’t) dislike it here.

Meaning

Forms of the MV

Forms of the infinitive

Kinds of sentences

Some other ways of expressing the same meaning

Sentence patterns

1.

a) Permission

b) Request

c) Prohibition

a) may – the Present Tense

b) might – the Past Tense

a) may – the Present Tense

b) might – the Past Tense

c) might – the Subjunctive II Form

may not

Indefinite Infinitive

Indefinite Infinitive

Indefinite Infinitive

affirmative

interrogative

negative

to be permitted,

to be allowed

1. I have got two historical novels. So you may take one of them.

2. Mother said you might take some oranges.

1. May I see him in the hospital on Tuesday?

2. He asked me if he might rest for an hour.

3. Might I spend the weekend with you?

• May I have a look at the picture?

• No, you may not. I don’t want you to.

2. Possibility due to circumstances

a) may – the Present Tense

b) might – the Past Tense

Indefinite Infinitive

affirmative

a) Let’s meet at five o’clock at the post-office if the place and time are convenient to everybody. We may get there by bus.

b) He said he might get to work by the Metro.

3. Unreality

might – the Subjunctive II Form

Perfect Infinitive

affirmative

If he had arrived an hour earlier, he might have had a good night’ rest.

Luckily I didn’t join them in their walk. It was very windy and I might have caught cold.

4. Disapproval or reproach

might – the Subjunctive II Form

Indefinite Infinitive

Perfect Infinitive

affirmative

Your child is shivering with cold. You might be more attentive to him. Tell him to put on his jacket.

You answered his invitation with cold refusal. You might have invited me to this lecture.

5. Supposition implying uncertainty, doubt

may/might

Indefinite Infinitive

Continuous Infinitive

Perfect Infinitive

Perfect Continuous Infinitive

affirmative

negative

She looks pale. She may (might) be ill, but I think she may/might not have a high temperature.

I think the doctor may/might be examining the patient now.

Nick is missing today. He may/might have been taken ill.

She may have been staying in bed for a week.

Meaning

Forms of the MV

Forms of the infinitive

Kinds of sentences

Some other ways of expressing the same meaning

Sentence patterns

1. Necessity

need

Indefinite Infinitive

affirmative

(not typical)

interrogative

necessary

Need I answer the question?

2. Absence of necessity

needn’t

1. Indefinite Infinitive

2. Perfect Infinitive (expresses an action which was performed though it was necessary)

negative

There is no need to do it.

It’s not necessary to do it.

There is no necessity to do it.

The teacher needn’t explain such simple things. The pupils know them.

We needn’t have brought our grammar books today. We are having a class in phonetics instead.

Notes

1. When rendering in Russian “не нужно было” use “needn’t have done” to show that the action was performed though it was not necessary. Use “didn’t have to do” to indicate that the action was not performed as there was no obligation. e.g.: He needn’t have bought the book (but he did). It is available at the library. I didn’t have to buy the textbook (and I didn’t) as I had it at home.

2. In negative sentences negation is not always associated with the verb “need”, it may be found elsewhere in the sentence, e.g.: I don’t think we need continue our talk. They need hardly discuss the problem again.

Meaning

Forms of the MV

Forms of the infinitive

Kinds of sentences

Some other ways of expressing the same meaning

Sentence patterns

1. Obligation, necessity with no freedom of choice or from the speaker’s point of view

must – in present or future time contexts; in past time contexts in Indirect Speech

Indefinite Infinitive

affirmative

interrogative

to be obliged to, it’s necessary for smb to do smth

If you have a new heart attack you must be taken to hospital. What must he do to keep fit?

He said he must go to the dentist.

2. Prohibition

mustn’t

Indefinite Infinitive

negative

to be forbidden

Students mustn’t stay away from classes without a good reason.

3. Emphatic request or advice

must

mustn’t

Indefinite Infinitive

affirmative

negative

You mustn’t miss this film. It’s worth seeing this film.

You must drop in at the chemist’s on your way home.

4. Supposition implying assurance, strong probability

must

Indefinite Infinitive

Continuous Infinitive

Perfect Infinitive

Perfect Continuous Infinitive

only in the affirmative form in affirmative and negative sentences

probably, evidently, surely, no doubt, undoubtedly, it’s clear that, in all probability

He must be too old to wander about the city so long.

They must be admiring the beautiful flowers in Hyde Park now.

They must have been watching swans and ducks floating on the pond for an hour.

She must have got used to their customs and traditions.

Meaning

Forms of the MV

Forms of the infinitive

Kinds of sentences

Some other ways of expressing the same meaning

Sentence patterns

1. Obligation, necessity arising from circumstances

have (has) to;

had to;

shall/will have to; have (has) got to (in colloquial English),

Do (does)… have to?

Did … have to?

Have (has) … got to…? (coll.)

Indefinite Infinitive

affirmative

interrogative

to be obliged to

If you don’t take care of yourself, you’ll have to consult a doctor.

I wondered how long I had to stay in hospital.

Do Russian people have to pay for medical care?

Did you have to wait for us?

Have I got to wake him up for the medicine?

2. Absence of necessity

don’t (doesn’t) have to;

didn’t have to;

haven’t (hasn’t) got to

Indefinite Infinitive

negative

needn’t to

You don’t have to stay in here with me, if it bothers you. You haven’t got to be operated on, have you?

Notes

“didn’t have to do” indicates that the action was not performed as there was no obligation

e.g.: He didn’t have to water the flowers (and he didn’t). It was raining all day long.

Meaning

Forms of the MV

Forms of the infinitive

Kinds of sentences

Some other ways of expressing the same meaning

Sentence patterns

1. Obligation arising out of a plan, an arrangement

am (is, are) to

was (were) to

Indefinite Infinitive

Perfect Infinitive (an unfulfilled plan)

affirmative

interrogative

to plan; to make a plan; to arrange; to agree; to decide

Today I am to go to the post-office. When are you to go there?

Yesterday I was to have gone to the post-office to send a parcel, but I wasn’t able to. (a planned action was not carried out)

2. An order, an instruction

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Indefinite Infinitive

affirmative

negative

If your letter contains anything valuable you are to register it.

3. Possibility

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Indefinite Infinitive Passive

affirmative

interrogative

negative

A letter marked ‘Post Restante’ is to be left at the post-office until it is called for.

Where are postal orders to be cashed?

Such envelopes aren’t to be bought anywhere.

4. Something thought as unavoidable

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Indefinite Infinitive

affirmative

negative

I didn’t know when I was to get a letter from her.

I still hoped to get a letter from her, but it wasn’t to be.

Notes

1. Absence of necessity is expressed by “needn’t”.

e.g.: Must I mention all those facts in my report?

- Yes, you must. They are important.

- No, you needn’t. They are of no use.

2. “Must” is not used in the negative form to express supposition implying assurance. This meaning is expressed by: a) Evidently (probably) they didn’t come to any agreement; b) They must have failed to come to any agreement; c) They must have misunderstood us; d) He must never have guessed the truth; e) No one must have told them the truth.

3. “Must” is not used with reference to the future. In this case its equivalents are used.

e.g.: She is likely (unlikely) to come.