Exercise 23. Fill in the gaps with prepositions where necessary.
We had a lovely meal ______ the plane.
The burglar climbed ______ the fence and into the garden.
Bye for now. I'll see you ______ school tomorrow.
Mr. King wasn't ______ work yesterday.
Tony could see his face ______ the mirror.
Keith stole some money and ended up ______ prison.
Ellen is not really interested ______ learning how to ski.
______ home I'm used ______ going to bed early.
I was really annoyed ______ losing my new calculator.
I feel sorry ______ Sam because he hasn't got any friends.
Exercise 24. Report the following statements.
“He’s ill”, she thought.
“I’ll be back tomorrow”, he said.
“Shakespeare didn’t speak French”, the professor said.
“Park round the corner”, she told me.
“Did Mary phone back ?” I wondered.
“When is the car going to be ready?” I asked.
Exercise 25. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form.
1. If we ______ (live) in a town, life ______ (be) easier.
2. I ______ (let) you know if I ______ (find) out what’s happening.
3. If I ______ (be) you, I ______ (get) that car serviced.
4. You ______ (not catch) cold if you ______ (take) your coat.
5. She ______ (have) a nervous breakdown if she ______ (go) on like this.
6. If I ______ (know) you were coming, I ______ (invite) some friends in.
Exercise 26. Choose the right variant.
1. The new house ______ next year in this street.
a) will built c) is built
b) will be built d) will be build
2. The music at the party was very loud and ______ from far
away.
a) can be heard c) could be heard
b) can hear d) is heard
3. My car disappeared. It ______.
a) must has been stolen c) must have been stole
b) must have been stolen d) should have been stolen
4. How many accidents______ by dangerous driving nowadays?
a) is caused c) are cause
b) have been caused d) are caused
5. Last night a tree ______ down.
a) was blown c) blown
b) is blown d) blow
6. The car______ at the moment.
a) being cleaned c) is being cleaned
b) was cleaned d) was being cleaned
7. The shirts______ when I came home.
a) are being washed c) were washed
b) were being washed d) are washed
8. He is not going to the party. He ______.
a) haven't been invited c) isn't being invited
b) wasn't been invited d) hasn't been invited
9. Jane didn't know which way to go. She ______.
a) hadn't been told c) isn't told
b) hasn't been told d) wasn't been told
10.1______three days to write a composition.
a) was give c) has given
b) was given d) gave
11. Exobiology is the study of life ______ other planets.
a) in c) on
b) at d) for
12.______ aspects of his talk have global applications.
a) one of the c) any of the
b) some d) none
13. The department ordered ______ new furniture for the office.
a) many c) some
b) much of d) any
14. My cousin lives ______ a farm.
a) at c) within
b) in d) on
15. She wished she ______ a princess when she was a young
girl.
a) were c) is
b) was d) be
16. Travellers' checks are useful when one is travelling because ______ people refuse to accept them.
a) quite a few c) few
b) a few d) many
17. He was angry ______ his friend.
a) with c) on
b) at d) about
18. While John was watching television, Maria ______ a book.
a) read c) was reading
b) has read d) have been reading
19. There are thirty people in the room. Twenty are from Latin America and ______ are from ______ countries.
a) the others, another c) another, others
b) the others, other d) the other, the others
20.______ lake Erie is one o f______ five Great Lakes in ______ North America.
a) -, the, the c) -, the, -
b) the, -, - d) the, the, -
21. We have spent ______ time on this homework.
a) too much c) such many
b) too many d) so a much
22. If ______ of you takes a vacation now, we will not be able to finish that work.
a) either c) anybody
b) each c) somebody
23. It's too hot and my hair needs______.
a) to be cutting c) cutting
b) be cut d) to be cut
24.1 wished that I ______ up yesterday.
a) had washed c) washed
b) have washed d) didn't washed
22. We hope that they ______ yesterday.
a) came c) have came
b) come d) had come
23. Don't worry. Some day you will get used to ______ English.
a) speak c) have spoken
b) speaking d) have to speak
24. The girls speak ______ English.
a) fluently c) quite fluently
b) fluent d) enough fluent
25. A mink coat costs ______ a sable coat.
a) twice more than c) twice too much as
b) twice much as d) twice as much as
26. Before payday, I have ______ money as my brother.
a) as little c) such little
b) as few d) so little
27. You'll stick ______ with the pins if you are not careful.
a) you c) yourself
b) your d) yours
28. The accident was my fault, so I had to pay for the damage ______ the other car.
a) of c) for
b) to d) at
29. The bus service is very good. There is a bus ______ ten minutes.
a) every c) all
b) each d) almost
30. He used _______ much harder last year.
a) to work c) worked
b) working d) to working
Who did they arrest?
Read the article about how to write a geed instruction and then make up your own “How to” considering the advice given in the text.
The Elements of Good Instructions
People often complain that most directions are impossible to follow. In fact, this type of complaint is often leveled against may types of Technical Writing, and often justifiably so. The reason for the complaint, though, is that too many writers ignore some of the most fundamental rules to writing effective instructions:
Basic Assumptions for Writing Instructions
readers will not read all your instructions;
some people will try to work without reading the instructions at all (reading the instructions is often a last resort)
you need to keep instructions short and simple;
don't over assume about your reader's ability (or patience);
think carefully about the type of reader you will have for the instructions.
Write for the User
make sure your instructions are helpful and written for your users;
be specific;
provide encouragement (for example, "If you hear a chime, you've done part A correctly and are now ready for part B. Good work!");
define terms that readers may not know;
pace your instructions carefully (don't say, "do step 1, then step 2, then step 10;" if you jump over too much information, your readers will get lost);
anticipate problems and places where your readers might get lost; warn your readers if they are likely to find something confusing (for example, "at this point, be sure not to select option 3--instead choose option 2; option 3 is for later");
summarize information (for example, "you've now covered part one, ignition, and the machine should now be running");
test your instructions to make sure they work; many sets of instructions are hard to follow because no one ever bothered to test them and so simple problems with the directions were missed;
ask someone else to test your instructions, too, to make sure you haven't assumed too much information; it has to be clear to your user, not just to you.
Quantity of Instructions
shorter is better and less confusing;
10 steps or less is the ideal;
if you have 15 or more steps, try to divide the task in half;
if you have too many steps and someone makes a mistake late in the process, they may have to go all the way back to the beginning and completely restart.
"Chunking" Information
break large sets of instructions into smaller units; this is called "chunking";
this allows people to have places to stop and track their progress;
smaller units organized around a common theme are easier to understand;
smaller units of instructions also won't tire your readers out as quickly;
small units look, and actually are, easier to do Layout;
don't forget about the rules of document design;
use headings to organize your instructions;
use bullets for lists;
use numbers for sequential lists of information;
include diagrams and other visuals aids to clarify meaning.
Progress Checking/Landmarks
readers are more likely to be able to successfully follow directions if they can check their progress as they go;
include landmarks that tell readers they are on the right track (for example, "after pressing F2, you will see a blue screen");
make sure your landmarks are easy to spot;
permanent landmarks are better than temporary ones (don't say, "you will see a blue screen" if sometimes the screen will be red);
you can also use landmarks to warn people (for example, "do not press delete or you will erase your disk") or to let them know if they've gone off track (for example, "if you see a red gas station, you've driven too far");
you also want to give readers a chance to test how well they are following your directions (for example, "if you've done these first 5 steps correctly, you should hear a bell chime").