Instrumentation is the branch of engineering that deals with measurement and control. According to ISA or known as Instrumentation and Systems Automation Society formerly known as Instrument Society of America, the official definition of instrumentation – is a collection of instruments and their application for the purpose of observation, measurement and control.
An instrument is a device that measures or manipulates variables such as flow, temperature, level, or pressure. Instruments include many varied contrivances which can be as simple as valves and transmitters, and as complex as analyzers. Instruments often comprise control systems of varied processes. The control of processes is one of the main branches of applied instrumentation.
Control instrumentation includes devices such as solenoids, valves, circuit breakers, and relays. These devices are able to change a field parameter, and provide remote or automated control capabilities.
Transmitters are devices which produce an analog signal, although many other options using voltage, frequency, or pressure are possible. This signal can be used to control other instruments directly, or it can be sent to a PLC, DCS, SCADA system, or other type of computerized controller, where it can be interpreted into readable values and used to control other devices and processes in the system.
Instrumentation plays a significant role in both gathering information from the field and changing the field parameters, and as such are a key part of control loops.
Measurement. Instrumentation can be used to measure certain field parameters (physical values). These measured values include: pressure, either differential or static, flow, temperature – temperature measurement, level – level measurement, density, viscosity, radiation, current, voltage, inductance, capacitance, frequency, resistivity, conductivity, chemical composition, chemical properties, various physical properties.
In addition to measuring field parameters, instrumentation is also responsible for providing the ability to modify some field parameters.
Instrumentation engineering is the engineering specialization focused on the principle and operation of measuring instruments which are used in design and configuration of automated systems in electrical, pneumatic domains etc. They typically work for industries with automated processes, such as chemical or manufacturing plants, with the goal of improving system productivity, reliability, safety, optimization and stability. To control the parameters in a process or in a particular system microprocessors, microcontrollers, PLCs, etc. are used, but their ultimate aim is to control the parameters of a system.
Instrumentation technologists, technicians and mechanics specialize in troubleshooting and repairing and maintenance of instruments and instrumentation systems. This trade is so intertwined with electricians, pipe fitters, power engineers, and engineering companies, that one can find himself in extremely diverse working situations. An over-arching term, instrument fitter is often used to describe people in this field, regardless of any specialization.
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Exercise 2. Answer the questions.
1.What is instrumentation?
2.What are instruments used for?
3.What parameters do instruments measure?
4.What do technologists and mechanics specialize in?
5.What is instrumentation engineering focused on?
6.What measuring devices can you name?
7.What is produced by transmitters?
Exercise 3. Choose the correct word in these sentences.
1. Microprocessors/gauges/motors are used to control parameters of a system.
2.Microprocessors/gauges/motors are used for measuring the level of substances or temperature.
3.Such devices as solenoids, valves, circuit breakers, and relays aremeasuring/ control/troubleshooting instrumentation.
4.This analog signal can be used to control other instruments directly, or it can be sent to a system, or other type of computerized controller, where it can be interpreted into readable values/messages/properties.
5.Technicians and mechanics specialize in repairing and maintenance of memory capacity/instruments/ computer chips and instrumentation systems.
6.Measuring instruments are used in industries with automated processes,such as chemical or manufacturing plants, with the goal of improving system conductivity/productivity/resistivity.
7.Instrumentation is the branch of engineering that handles/distributes/refers to measurement and control.
8.The transducers/switches/isolators offer full scale pressure ranges from
2.5psi up to 5000 psi.
Exercise 4. Fill in the gaps with proper words. |
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frequency |
sensitivity |
distortion |
control measurement |
voltage |
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relays |
stability |
microprocessor |
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1.Pressure transmitters provide excellent long-term … .
2.Multi-level switches operate remote alarms or indicators and through accessory… can control pumps and other equipment.
3.Non-… sensors provide safe operation in hazardous areas.
4.The plastic strip thermometer gives fast and reliable … of temperature without the potential hazards posed by conventional thermometers.
5.The unit needs no limit switches, decelerating valves, mounting brackets or plumbing in many uses, yet includes close cylinder and valve coupling for efficient, leak-free motion … .
6.Designed for industrial metal working and machining operations, the unit is a …-based, closed-loop servomotor and drive.
7. Transducer cable lengths can vary without changing system … or
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introducing signal … .
8. This device offers high-power, low distortion and linear … response capabilities from D.C. to ultrasound.
Exercise 5. Match the appropriate parts of the sentences.
1. Transducer NPT 1 may be used in a) data about physical parameters.
…
2. Programmable logical controllers b) control every aspect of the machine. are implemented in …
3.All you need to do is …
4.The controller for air conditioning systems is designed for …
5.The system is fitted with its own …
c)power unit which provides hydraulics and electronic controls.
d)controlling processes in various industries.
e)total compliance with standards that ensure high reliability of hardware.
6.Radio signals from the hand held remote …
7.Microprocessor pulse counter may be used for …
8.Multipurpose converter of analog signals provides …
f)counting the amount of products on a conveyor.
g)monitoring and control of temperature in premises.
h)to connect a sensor and supply power to the instrument.
Exercise 6. Correct the sentences.
1.Valves are used to stop the flow of electricity.
2.Transmitters produce certain field parameters.
3.Voltmeter is an instrument that measures electric current.
4.Pressure meter is an instrument for measuring fluid pressure.
5.The SI unit for electric resistance is farad (F).
6.Viscosity is an important property of conductivity.
7.Relays are used to control the parameters in a process or in a particular
system.
8.Frequency is measured in luxes (lx).
Exercise 7. Translate the following vocabulary article into English:
Под единством измерений понимают такое состояние измерений, при котором результаты всех измерений, проводимых в стране, выражаются в одних и тех же узаконенных единицах измерения и оценка их точно-
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сти обеспечивается с гарантированной доверительной вероятностью. Сеть государственных метрологических органов и их деятельность, направленная на обеспечение единства измерений, называется государственной метрологической службой. Во главе еѐ стоит Всероссийский Научноисследовательский институт метрологической службы. Деятельность государственных метрологических служб направлена на: 1. установление допущенных к применению единиц физических величин и системы государственных эталонов-единиц; 2. создание образцовых средств измерения, методов и средств измерения высшей точности; 3. разработку общероссийских поверочных схем; 4. разработку стандартных образцов и определение физических констант; 5. надзор за изготовлением и эксплуатацией средств измерения за счет государственных испытаний новых средств измерения и системы проверки.
Exercise 8. Speak on the following:
1.Metrology
2.Measuring instrument
3.Instrumentation/ Instrument Society of America
ПРАКТИЧЕСКАЯ РАБОТА № 4
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
Exercise 1. Check whether you know the meaning of the following words and expressions:
Legal monopoly, creation of the mind, fields of law, intellectual property law, to grant exclusive rights, intangible assets, discovery, invention, copyright, trademark, patent, jurisdiction, commonplace, temporary, to limit, to exclude, simultaneously, to apply, marginal cost, distribution, establishment, trade-off, relevant benefits and costs, to depend, optimum period, to found, to merge, to adopt, protection, to found, prohibition, fraud, deception.
Intellectual property (IP) is a number of distinct types of legal monopoliesover creations of the mind, both artistic and commercial, and the corresponding fields of law. Under intellectual property law, owners are granted certain exclusive rights to a variety of intangible assets, such as musical, literary, and artistic works; discoveries and inventions; and words, phrases, symbols, and designs. Common types of intellectual property include copyrights, trademarks, patents, industrial design rights and trade secrets in some jurisdictions. These exclusive rights allow owners of intellectual property to reap monopoly profits. These monopoly profits provide a financial incentive for the creation of intellectual property, and pay associated research and development costs.
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Although many of the legal principles governing intellectual property have evolved over centuries, it was not until the 19th century that the term intellectual property began to be used, and not until the late 20th century that it became commonplace in the United States.
Intellectual property rights are temporary state-enforced monopolies regarding use and expression of ideas and information. Intellectual property rights are usually limited to non-rival goods, that is, goods which can be used or enjoyedby many people simultaneously – the use by one person does not exclude use by another. This is compared to rival goods, such as clothing, which may only be used by one person at a time. For example, any number of people may make use of a mathematical formula simultaneously. Some objections to the term intellectual property are based on the argument that property can only properly beapplied to rival goods (or that one cannot "own" property of this sort).
Since a non-rival good may be simultaneously used (copied, for example) by many people (produced with minimal marginal cost), monopolies over distribution and use of works are meant to give producers incentive to create further works. The establishment of intellectual property rights, therefore, represents a trade-off, to balance the interest of society in the creation of non-rivalgoods (by encouraging their production) with the problems of monopoly power. Since the trade-off and the relevant benefits and costs to society will depend on many factors that may be specific to each product and society, the optimum period of time during which the temporary monopoly rights should exist is unclear.
History. Modern usage of the term intellectual property goes back at least as far as 1888 with the founding in Berne of the Swiss Federal Office for Intellectual Property. When the administrative secretariats established by the Paris Convention (1883) and the Berne Convention (1886) merged in 1893, theyalso located in Berne, and also adopted the term intellectual property in their new combined title, the United International Bureau for the Protection of Intellectual Property. The organization subsequently relocated to Geneva in 1960, and was succeeded in 1967 with the establishment of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) by treaty as an agency of the United Nations. According to Lemley, it was only at this point that the term really began to be used in the United States, and it did not enter popular usage until passage of the Bayh-Dole Act in 1980.
The concept appears to have made its first appearance after the French revolution. In an 1818 collection of his writings, the French liberal theorist, Benjamin Constant, argued against the recently-introduced idea of "property which has been called intellectual."
The concept's origins can potentially be traced back further. Jewish law includes several considerations whose effects are similar to those of modern intellectual property laws, though the notion of intellectual creations as property does not seem to exist. The Talmud contains the prohibitions against certain mental crimes which some have interpreted as prohibiting theft of ideas, though the doctrine is principally concerned with fraud and deception, not property.
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