Материал: Istoriia_pedahohiky

Внимание! Если размещение файла нарушает Ваши авторские права, то обязательно сообщите нам

)2% -!=%2%&( % " +: " ;)12 / (:2!/& +:%A% *% ! " (:2!/& +:%A% )# +;1& !, )%A*'4# L/ $4&%/ :2!/ -12 !G + ' 4% + % ! ': 4% ;%6*# %A% -!A!*+&%A% % 1214:( :(*+ (2&%/ (:2!/& +:%/ )2!, .

4 )*# %; % !2# ! !*#5#& !*# #$%4# # 2-& * 12! (2& 5! %)# #. * 4%; -! “=” -’' # ' * 12! (2" 5! %)# “F”(1880), )% ; “L” (1894), ! - 1898 2. – “$ - --: - ”. % #6&1 #" 5! %)#

F” (214!: %2 . !2 #,+:#", ! )% ; . (:!5 ! . !2:% +:#") #$%4# ( + % - 1880 2. 4% 1897 2. 1895 2. & )121"D% ( *! & + I )2!: #5&% -2%=# ' 1(:2!/& +:#; %2A!&%;, %=’L4&! D# ) 2%= : )1214)*! : - ($ (:2!/& +:#$ -1;1*+. ( D#2%:% ; C( !*# ' 6# L)# #, )%;#, *# ( !&&' #-&!5$ *G41". ! )2#'&&' 214!:, / “F” 4=(*# ' !:%6 )12D (:2!/& +: * 12! (2& :%&:(2 #, C% ;!*# &1!=#':1 -&!51&&' 4*' 2%-# :( (:2!/& +:%A% )# +;1& !. !;1 ,+%;( 5! %)# 42(:( !*# %/ %2# ;%*%4 %4 (:2!/& +: )# +;1&:# 1 ' :2!/&:!, #$!"*% %,G=#& +:#", #) !:% ", %A4!& 1):#" ! &D . ! 4':# -!$%4!; . 1 #,+:%A% ( . (:!5!) ,1" 5! %)# &1-!=!2%; )121 %2# ' - #4!&&' 4*' (:2!/& +:#$ 2%4#& ( 21)21-1& ! # " 1(:2!/& +:#"

* 12! (2&%-&!(:% #" %2A!&, C% #$%4# !6 4% : &,' ., :%*# "%A% -! ()# “$ - -! : - ”, %2 &:# ':%A% 5! # 214!A( !&&'

. 2(D1 +:#; ! .M2!&:%; -=!A! #*# ' , *%G -:%G )12*#& :2! &%A%

)# +;1& !.

+ +:#"

!$%4!;# 4 '5 % !2# ! A%*% " &! !$4& " :2!/&

(& 12 # 1 , $%5! )% %* , 5121- )121)% - =%:( )%*': , )% ()% % 2%=# :2%:# &! D*'$( 4% (:2!/&-!, /: -= *+D( !*! ' : *+: + (:2!/& +:#$ :!F142, (:2!/& +:%/ )2%F1 (2# (&! : &1,+ . ( =(*% 61 9 )2%F1 %2-(:2!/&, : . 2(D1 +:#",

. %*1 !, . (4#& +:#", . & 2'& +:#", . 1=1*+ +:#", . 12A!&% +:#", . (4,+:#", . %;!D +:#", . 1&,#,+:#"). *+D !: # # " ;! % #;# (-! (5! G (41& ) !*# # ()# C%4% 4:2# ' !;% "&%A% (:2!/& +:%A% (& 12 # 1 (. #;%A# &!=(*# !:%A% 2%-A%*% (, C% ! 2 " +:#" , !2 &! + )%A%4# ' &! 4:2# ' (& 12 # 1 ( 1916 2%, , )2% 1 &! -! !4 !*! )12D! % ! "&!.

% !2# % !: # &% -4 " &G !*% %) :( &!4 (41& +:%G ;%*%44G. %&% ;!*% : *+:! F%&4 , - ':#$ 4! !*% #)1&4 / (41& !;. % !2# % 4=!*% !:%6 )2% (:2!/& +: 1214& D:%*#, #;!A!*% 4 (2'4( )%D#21&&' ;1216 (:2!/& +:#$ A ;&!-", ': , $%5! " )% *+&%, )% "&% -2% !*#. !2 % 4-&!5# # " -’'-%: % !2# ! - &!44& )2'& +:#;# 51# :(*+ (2&%-% & ;# 4 '5!;#. I *':% 4%)%;!A!*% /; /$ '6: " =%2% += )2% # ,!2 +:%A% (2'4( 1*#:%4126! ,+:%/ D% & #5&%/ 2% " +:%/ A2%;!4 +:% -! )2! ! (:2!/& +:%/ &!, /.

3. .

*' . .I1 51&:! ! .@.M2!&:! )% ! + . . P & G L &!" #4! & D%G (:2!/& +: " :(*+ (2 . 1894 2. &, -! )%2!4%G %A% 5# 1*', %*%4#;#2! & %&% #5!, #4! &%A% (:2!/& +:%A% %2#:!, )121/-4# + 4% + % ! " %= ";!L )% !4( )2%F1 %2! %2 / :2!/ ( + +:%;( (& 12 # 1 , &! ': " )121=( !L 4% 1914 2. 4 - A%*% $ -! 4!&+ A2%;!4 +:%-&!(:% %/, * 12! (2&%/ ! % &+%/ 4 '*+&% 2(D1 +:%A% ( ,1" )12 %4 =(*%, -! "%A% *% !;#, “%= %G !&&' (:2!/& ! ': &! 2% " +:%;(, !: &! A!*#,+:%;( A2(& ”.

1*+LF&% # ()!L 1*#5 "%A% % %=# % 4% A%* &+%;( (1897–1913) :12 , !(:% #; % !2# %; ;. . .I1 51&:!. "%A% :12 , ! )%5#&!L + ' &% #" )12 %4 ( )2!, ! 2%-# :( ,+%A% % !2# !, ':%;( & #' # 1=1 &1)121 12D1 %2A!&-! %2%; &!(:% %A% " * 12! (2&%A% 6# '. !;1 & )121 %2# % !2# % - ( % * 12! (2&%A% &!(:% %-* 12! (2&1 )2!A&( %A%, C%= &! "%A% b2(& -! &( ! # :2!/& :!41; G !(:, ! % ! "&! -! !4#*!

131

"%;( ,+%A% 4% 'A #. ! # A%*% ( !&&' . 2(D1 +:%A% I – ,1 -%*% ! 4%=! &!(:% %A% 2%-# :( (:2!/&%-&! ! )2% !461&&' (:2!/&%-&! 5#$ 4# ,#)* & ( % ( &!(:(. "%A% )*!&!$ =(*% -2%=# # % !2# % %A% 2%4( 2!;)* &%;, - :% 2%A% (:2!/& +:1 &!, %&!*+&1 6# ' ;!*% ) 4&' # ' &! # % # )% &%/ :(*+ (2&%/ &1-!*16&% " -&!" # #-&!&&' %A% !:!41; 5&%A% $!2!: 12( % #$ &!(:% #$ :%*!$.

% !2# % ) 4 :12 , %; 2(D1 +:%A% - ( )$%; #:%&( !*% F(&:, G &!" #C%/ (:2!/& +:%/ &!(:% %/ ( !&% # !*#5#& , ':! ;!*! #*+" )*# 1214 (:2!/& +:#$ &!(:% , &! !44& )2'& +: " :2!/& . 2(D1 +:#" %" 5! =( &1 *#D1 &!" #4! & D#; (:2!/& +:#; %2#:%;, !*1 " #&' :% % -4 = %2A!&-! %2%;. 2% 1 & 4%=21 2%-(; , C% A%*% " ,1& 2 (:2!/& +:%A% &!(:% %A% 6# ' )% #&1& =( # %*#, :2!/ – #L , !*1 4% 1905 2%:( &1 =(*% -;%A# -! &( ! # &!(:% %A% % !2# ! - (:2!/& +:#; &!, %&!*+ )2';( !&&'; - )2#5# &! #*+&%/ 2( #F :!, / (:2!/& +:%/ :(*+ (2# &! !44& )2'&C#& .

%*# ( 1905 2%, =(*% :! % !&% -!=%2%&( (:2!/& !, )2%A%*%D1&( 1876 2%:(, :#/ +: &!(:% , , ': A(2 ( !*# ' “: # / : % *” ! // %2A!&

# - ”, #2 D#*# )2# ()# # 4% %2A!&-!, / :2!/& +:%A% !(:% %A% % !2# !. 29 : &' 1907 2%:( &! -!A!*+$ -=%2!$ 2(D1 +:#" =( %=2!" "%A% A%*% %G. ! %G %2A!&-!, "&( ;%41*+ -'*% !(:% 1 % !2# % ;. . .I1 51&:!. 2(D1 +:#", ': A%*% ! I ( + % ! ( #L , )2#5# ' 4% %=’L4&!&&' &!(:% #$ #* - 2-$ (:2!/& +:#$ -1;1*+ 4% %21&&' C1 4% 1918 2%:(, ': & )# ! -A%4%;, =1-# (*+&%/ !:!41; / &!(:.

1C% )-& D1, ( 21-%*G, '$, #&1 1$ &! 1(:2!/& +:%;( 5# 1*+ +:%;( -’/-4 , C% 4=( ! ' 5–6 : &' 1914 2%:( #L , 1:, ' #C%/ D:%*# ($!*#*! -12&( # ' 4% :2!/& +:%/ 1& 2!*+&%/ !4# - -!' %G )2% %2A!&-!, G &! % &%:2!/& +:%/ :!41; / !(: ': &1;#&(51 )% 2 =&%A% %2A!&( 2%-# :( (:2!/&%-&! ! -!A!* &!(:# (:2!/& +:%G ;% %G. : &,1 %;( 21-(*+ ! 1920– 1921 2%:!$ )2#*(5#*% ' -*#*% ' - &% %&!2%461&%G :!41; LG !(:. ! &' ;2 ' 2(D1 +:%A%, "%A% )%)1214: ) 2%= : %2# # 1(:2!/& +:1 &!(:% 1 %AC1 4% )1 &%/ ; 2# =(*! -4 " &1&!.

2% 1 2(D1 +:#" &1 %=;16( ! ' *+:# &!(:% %G 4 '*+& G. %2(5 - &1G & #:%&( ! 1*#:( :(*+ (2&%-% &G 2%=% (: # ()! - )(=* 5#

4%)% 4';#, ) 2%= ! ( *+ +: " )21 , -! &( ! -!A!*+&%(:2!/& +:#" * 12! (2" &!(:% #" ; '5: “$ - -! : - ”(1898), )* 4&!

4 '*+& + ':%A% # %:% %, &1&! %2 / (:2!/& +:%/ * 12! (2#, :(*+ (2# " % #. %:%; )-& D1 -! "%A% & , ! # # -’' #*! ' “/- -B ” – )12D1

&! G :2!/&( ::% 1 #4! , %. 2 ; %A%, & ) 2%= ! ( :#/ +:%;( C%; '5&%;( %2#:%-1 &%A2!F 5&%;( ! * 12! (2&%;( 5! %)# “#- ”, C% 4 A2! 1*#:( 2%*+ ( 2%-# :( (:2!/& +:%/ :(*+ (2# (;% !$ % " +:%/ ;)12 /.

2(D1 +:#" &! *! & :%D # -! &( ! ( #L D:%*( ;1& %A% =! +:!. !;!A!G5# + -!=1-)15# # &%2;!*+" 2%-# %: (:2!/& +:%A% &!, %&!*+&%A% D: *+, ! !*#5#& , & %5%*G ! *+ +:( 2!"% ( I: *+&( !4(.

%=*# % * 4 4-&!5# # -! *(A# 2(D1 +:%A% ( 4 %G !&& )2! ! (:2!/& +:%A% &!2%4( &! &! 5!&&' 4 1" 2 4&%G ;% %G. =%2% += -! (:2!/& +:( ;% ( & 4(61 b2(& % &% %=A% %2GL )2! ( -! &( !&&' (:2!/& +:#$ :!F142 )2# (& 12 # 1 !$ (( + +:%;( (& 12 # 1 "%;( 4!L + ' ,1 -2%=# #), 1&12A "&% ) 4& ;!L A%*% -! 1, C%= %2# # )2# ! & (:2!/& +: A ;&!-/ (( + % % !:# =(*# %21& ).

2(D1 +:#" )2!A&1 2%-#&( # &!, %&!*+&( !;% 4%; + (:2!/& +:%A% &!2%4(, 2%-’' # "%;(, $% & !:#" -4:# -’' # ', 41 "%A% # %:#, ': "%;( 21=! 4&% # # + 4% %L/ ;! 12#& +:%/ ;% # &! 5!&&' %LG ;% %G. #4! "

51" )#D1 " )(=* :(L , *( -:( 4)% 4$ ! 1", %=’L4&(L /$ ( -= 2:# “K/-; B - 0 B”, “! + ! / /- ”, “ - /- ”.

132

! 121&!$ D: *+, ! 2(D1 +:#" ) 4:21 *GL, C% )12D#; )2#&,#)%; %2A!&-!, / &!2%4&%/ % # " &!, %&!*+&%A% #$% !&&' ;!L =( # &! 5!&&' 2 4&%G ;% %G. *' *1&&' ,+%A% )2#&,#)( & #4!L “ %2 G (:2!/& +:%A% &!2%4(”, “ %2% :( %2 G :2!/”, “ *G 2% !&( %2 G :2!/” ! &D &! 5!*+& )% =:# ! &!(:% %-;1 %4#5& ! .

2(D1 +:#" !6! , C% 1214 ($ )% 21= 2%-%G &!, %&!*+&%A% #$% !&&' )% 21=! 2 4&%/ D:%*# L &!"A%*% & D%G, =% &!2%4, ':#" &1 ;!L %L/ D:%*#, & :%*# &1 #=’L + ' &! !;% "&( 4%2%A( &( !&&'; & ;%61 =( # *#D1 )! #&:%; 5(6#$ &!2%4 . 61, 2(D1 +:#", 4 %GG5# )2! % (:2!/& +:%A% &!2%4( ;! # %G &!2%4&( ;% ( &! 5! # %L ) 42% !G51 )%:%* &&' , LG ;% %G, -2%=# 1*#:#" &1 %: ( 2%-=(4% ( &!, %&!*+&%/ # 1;# % # :2!/& .

4.

!& -!$4&%(:2!/& +:#$ -1;1*+, ': - 1340-A% 2%:( 21-(*+ ! )2#L4&!&&' 4% %*+C ;!"61 &! 500 * 4 2 !*# ' 4 $4&%/ :2!/ " )%)!*# ) 4 )%*+ +:#" )*# , &! : &1,+ V . =( 4(61 &1 42!4". %" 5! , :%*# &!4 & )2%; -2% !*! *+&! :%-!,+:! 4126! !, -!$4& -1;* &1 -!-&!*# !:#$ )% (6$ &!2%4$ #-%*+$ 2($, ': &! 2! %=12166 ! %=12166 . % )% 12)!*# 4 !:%A% :2 )!, ! " &!, %&!*+&%A% )2#A& 51&&', ':%A% &1 -&!*# 1*' &! 1*#: " :2!/& .

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– )%5! %: %2 55' !*#5#& )%5#&!G + -’' *' # ' )12D &!2%4& D:%*#.

;1 %G ) 4&1 1&&' % # 1214 (:2!/& +:%A% 4($% 1& ! % #) , ! 2 " +:#" , !2, -!)%5! :( ! ( + % 1783 2. 4($% &( 1; &!2 G. + % " 121;#D* 4 '*# (& 12 # 1 # - 4 44 *!;#: F *% %F +:#;, G2#4#5, ;14#5 =%A% *% +:#;.

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

% 1 %2 55' 2%-)%5!*% ' 4*' !$4&%/ :2!/ - 4%=2#;# %-&!:!;#. !6*# %G )%4 LG, ':! %-&!;1&( !*!, - %4&%A% =%:(, )%5! %: &% %A% :(, ! - 42(A%A% – -!2%461&&' !*%/ &!, %&!*+&%/ # 1;# % #, #' #*% ' )2#"&' ' ( 1805 2%, D: *+&%A% -!:%&(, ':#" #-&!5# ;1 ( ! -; &! 5!&&', #)# &! 5!*+$ -!:*!4 , )%2'4%: /$ %21&&' ! F(&:, %&( !&&', /$ -!L;%-’'-%: !-!L;%-!*16& +.

4)% 4+ &! 5# *1&& ;1;%2 !*#, C% /$ *! !& %A#*+,+:#" 2!-%; - ;# 2%)%*# %; #$!"*%; 1 #,+:#;, , !2 +:#; &!:!-%; 4 1818 2. ( % 133

(:2!/& +:#$ D:%*!$ 4%-%*1&% =(*% &! 5! # ; )214;1 !; (:2!/& +:%G ;% %G, ! ( -; D!$ D:%*!$ =(*% 141&% (:2!/& +:( ;% ( ': %=% ’'-:% #" )214;1 4*' (:2!/& +:%/ ;%*%4 .

)2! ( (:2!/& +:%/ ;% #, * 12! (2# ( D:%*!$, #4!&&' :A 2 4&%G ;% %G )2%4% 6#*# 30-$ 2%:!$ .I!D:1 #5, . !A#*1 #5 ! @. %*% !,+:#". # %:%% 51& , !: # & )214 ! :# (:2!/& +:%/ & 1* A1&, /, C% %4 &!2%46( !*! ', %2#*# ( 1832 2. A(2 %:, 4%;#" %2 / ) 4 &!-%G “ :;”, ':#" ! )2% :%; &!, %&!*+&%-:(*+ (2&%A% 42%461&&' &! -!$4&%(:2!/& +:#$ -1;*'$. % :*!*# * 12! (2&%-1 &%A2!F 5" !*+;!&!$ “ - ”, )12D1 &!)# !" 6# %G &!2%4&%G ;% %G F%&1 #5 )2! %)# %;.

:2 ; 2+%$ &!-!$ -! &% : A(2 :!, 4% &+%A% $%4#*# !:%6 . *+:% #5 ! . (*+5#,+:#". %-#, / A(2 :! 2%-4 *'*# . #'&% #5 ! . %A#*+,+:#". % 4 %G !*# 2 4&%;% &1 &! 5!&&', )2! % &! &( !&&' (:2!/& +:%/ * 12! (2&%/ ;% #, -=#2!*# ! # 5!*# &!=( :# &!2%4&%/ %25% , )%D#2G !*# % ( 1214 &!2%4(.

!)%5! :% !" ( M2!&, /, 21 %*G, "" 2($ 1848-A% 2%:( D #4:% %$%)# !* G, ;155#&( ! 2 G -&!"D% D#2%:#" 4A(: ( !*#5#& , (:% #& " !:!2)! . +%A% 2!-( 2 ' = *+D 2 D(51 )121A*'&(*! %G )2%)%*+ +:( &!, %&!*+&( )%* #:( " )%5!*! #2!-& D1 ) 4 2#;( ! # %/$ “2( #& ” ()2% # )%*': .

1 %*G, "& )%4 / 2 / 45( &% %:2#*#*# -!$4$ (:2!/&, . 2! & 18482. ( + % =(*% %21&1 )%* #5&1 % !2# % “%- ”, ':1

-!"&'*% )%-#, G 4%:21;*1&% (:2!/& +:%/ ;% # " (:2!/& +:%A% &!2%4(. 4%=2!61&&'; 4(;%: )%A*'4 % !2# ! ! #6&1 #: “F % ;”,

)12D#" &%;12 ':%A% #"D% 15 2! &' 1848 2%:(.

%- ” -!"&'*! ' &!2%4&%G % %G. ! )%* &!2%4&%A% D: *+, ! (:2!/&,'; 4!*% ' #=%2% # )1 & ) *+A#, ( %;( 5# * 4:2# # :!F142( 2( +:%/ ;% # " * 12! (2# )2# + +:%;( (& 12 # 1 , &! 5%* ':%/ %'

@. %*% !,+:#". 4 1A 4%G “ ” *+ +: (:2!/&, 16-A% 512 &' 1848 2. -! &( !*# :(*+ (2&%-% &L % !2# % “% ;- ;”, )2#-&!51&1 4=! # )2%

% ( D#2%:#$ 12 ( ) *+ !, 42(:(G5# " 2%-)% G46(G5# )%)(*'2& ::# ! &! 5!*+&%-;1 %4#5&( * 12! (2(.

% #" 1 !) % & " A!*(- )% ’'-!" - )2%A%*%D1&&'; &% %/ :%& # (, / 1867-A% 2%:(, ':! &!4! !*! ; &!2%4!; 2%-A%2C# )2! % &! 2%-# %: &!, %&!*+&%/ :(*+ (2#, ;% #, D:%*#. 18682. #4!L + ' D: *+" -!:%&, ( ':%;( )2%A%*%D(G + ' )2#&,#)# %2A!&-!, / ! 4 '*+&% )%5! :% #$ D: * (5# 1*+ +:#$ 1; &!2 ". #; )1214=!5! ' )121$4 D: * - ) 4*1A*% ,12:% *! '; 4% +:#$ D: *+$ %2A!& . *' :12 , ! )%5! :% #;#, 1214& ;# " )2%F1 "# D:%*!;# =(*! %21&! 2!"% ! I: *+&! !4!, ! )-& D1 – )% % ! ; ,1 D: *+& 2!4#. !:%& )2%A%*% # %=% ’'-:% ( " =1-:%D % &( )%5! :% ( 6- 2 5&( % (, )2! % &! 5! # ' 2 4&%G ;% %G. % &% -; &G !*# ' &(G5 #)# D: *: -!; + )!2!F '*+$, 2# !*+$ A%*% $ D: * ( !&% *G !*# ' %4&%-, 4 %-, 2#- =!A! %:*! & D:%*# +:%A% $!2!: 12(, L4#& 4*' * ; .

%5#&!G5# - 60-$ 2%: , &! -!$4&%(:2!/& +:#$ -1;*'$ )%; &% 2%-# !L + ' 1214&' % ! – A ;&!-/ " 21!*+& (5#*#C!. 12; & &! 5!&&' A ;&!-'$ !&% # 8 2%: , ! 21!*+$ (5#*#C!$ – 72%: . !: &51&&' A ;&!-/ 4! !*% )2! % ()( (& 12 # 1 , ! 21!*+&%A% (5#*#C! – ( #C )1, !*+& &! 5!*+& -!:*!4#. ! 5!&&' =(*% )*! . # %:! )*! ! -! &! 5!&&', # 2! # &! (5& +:( F%2;( " ( 2#;!&&' – 1 ,1 =(*% ) 4 #*( *+:# -!;%6 *G4';. % ,+%A% 5! ( &! 5!&&' )2% %4#*% ' & ;1,+:%G ;% %G, ! - 1867 2. (2'4% #; -!:%&%; !*#5#& %4#*! ' )%*+ +:! ;% ! #:*!4!&&', &! !:!2)! – (A%2 +:! (;!4'2 +:!). ! (:% #& ;% %G #:*!4!&&' -!*#D#*! ' & ;1,+:!.

134

!&% *1&&' (:2!/& +:#$ 1214&$ &! 5!*+$ -!:*!4 4=( !*% ' 4(61 )% *+&%. *+:# 1874 2. (:2!/& +:! ;% ! &! 5!&&' %4# + ' )12D " (!:!41; 5& ") A ;&!-/ + % !. 4 : &1,+ )!&( !&&' 2%-A%2C# &! !*#5#& &( !*% 5 4126! $ (:2!/& +:#$ 5%*% 5#$ A ;&!-", ':#$ &! 5!*% ' ;1&D1 4 # '5 (5& , C% !&% #*% 22% $ (5& A ;&!-". 2 ; 4126! $, )2!,G !*# 2 )2# ! & (:2!/& +: 5%*% 5 ( %2%41&:!, %A! #&) ! 3 )2# ! & ( 2!: #5& (& ;1,+:%-(:2!/& +: ) A ;&!-/ (@ %2 , %A! #&, (2:!).

!&% #C1 - #C%G % %G !$4& " :2!/& &1 ;%6&! =(*% &!-! # -!4% *+. ! )%5! :( . ( F(&:, %&( !*% *#D1 4 #C#$ &! 5!*+$ -!:*!4#: (& 12 # 1 # ( + % (1661) ! 12& ,'$ (1875), )%* 1$& 5" & # ( ( + % (1844) ! !:!41; ' 1 12#&!2&%/ ;14#,# 16 ( + % (1897). 42(A " )%*% #& . 21F%2;( !*! ' )14!A%A 5&! % !. !*#5#& " &! (:% #& )%5!*# %2G ! # ' 5# 1*+ +: 1; &!2 / - 4-2 5 12; &%; &! 5!&&'.

5. B.A

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

14!A%A 5&( 4 '*+& + S.M14+:% #5 2%-)%5! 1869 2. D: *+ & )1: %2%; #6,+:%A% )% (, ':%;( &! %" 5! =(*% 7 &!2%4$ D: *, C1 7 -’' #*% ' )12D#" 2 : "%A% & )1: %2 +:%/ 2%=% #. 2% 'A%; )12D%A% 2%:( 2%=% # S.M14+:% #5( 4!*% ' ) 4A% ( ! # ) !: )%4! # "%A% 4% 2!"% %/ I: *+&%/

!4# - )2%$!&&'; -!)2% !4# # "%A% &!2%4& D:%*#. %-* =(*% % 2#;!&%, 18702. ) !: #"D% ( 4& ) 4 &!-%G “ - 0 B”.

! 2%-A*'4 I =( -!)2%)%&% !" !:%6 :!*1&4!2 4*' 4 1", &!)# !" 6# %G (:2!/& +:%G ;% %G. =A2(& % (G5# " &!; 2 #:%2# ! # &+%;( F%&1 #5" (! &1 1 #;%*%A 5") )2! %)# , S.M14+:% #5 ) 4:21 *G ! , C% !;1 !:#" )2! %)# L &!"*%A 5& D#; - ($ *% ’'& +:#$ &1($#*+&% -2% !G5! )% 21=! &+%;( -;(D(L )121=%2% # $%*! #5& 1214&+% 5& &%2;#. 4)% 4+ &!4 "D*! 4;% ! I . 2% 1 ,1" :!*1&4!2, ': =!A! % &D#$ )14!A%A 5$ %2 , =( #4!" S.M14+:% #51; ( #4! , % !2# ! “ ”, :%*# & ( "D% 4% // 214!:, /.

%A*'4# S.M14+:% #5! &! &!2%4&1 D: *+, % #)12146( !*# (5! & "%;( &! (:% #& &! , * 41 ' #2 55'. 2% ,1 45! + "%A% A*#=%: & )1: %2 +: -#.

)12D%;( - S.M14+:% #5 2%-; 2:% (L )2% !& D: *, 5# 1* , ; ,1 %/ D: *+&%/ 2!4# #6,+:%A% )% (. 2%-4(;# 4(61 2# %6& : “(5& $%4' + 4% D:%*# &121A(*'2&%, 1*'& 4% %4# + ' )2#;(D( ! # )% #*! # 4 1" 4% D:%*#. (5# 1* *+:# 4 %L 4)% 4&% ) 4A% % *1& 4% &! 5!*+&%-#$% &%/ 2%=% # D:%* , &D#; C1 &1%=$4&% !;#; &! 5! # ' &! )14!A%A 5$ :(2 !$. ,1 #$ D: *+$ 2!4 !=% &1;!L, !=% % &1 -&!G + %/$ )2! %=% ’'-: . & )1: %2!;# D: * &1;! :%A% #=2! #, =% )2#4! $ 4*' ,+%A% *G41" =2!:(L. 2% 41':#$ ; ,1 #$ & )1: %2 &1 !2 % " A% %2# #, =% % &1 4%2% *# 4% %L/ )% !4#. :%&%; 5" !& D: * &1-!4% *+". 2%;!4# &1 4!G + )% 2 =$ :%D &! ( 2#;!&&' D: *, 5# 1*'; )*! ' + ;!*% " &1 5! &%, !: C% % )%&1 %* ;( ' + 4! ! # ' 4% &D#$ -!2%= : ”.

135

Источник: https://studfile.net/preview/16410002/