12. I __________________ (pump) up three tyres. Would you like to do the fourth?
13. That boy _______________ (eat) seven ice-creams.
14. That helicopter ____________________ (fly) round the house for the last hour; do you think it’s taking photographs?
15. We ___________________ (walk) ten kilometers.
16. We ________________________ (walk) for three hours.
17. I ____________________ (work) for him for ten years and he never once say “Good morning” to me.
18. The radio _____________________ (play) since 7 a.m. I wish someone would turn it off.
19. He __________________ (study) English for two years and doesn’t even know the alphabet yet.
Exercise 12. Complete the sentence with used to + the verb in brackets in positive, negative or question form.
1. What things used to be (be) different in the past?
2. For a start, all the continents ___________ (form) one large land mass.
3. Obviously, there __________ (be) cities and buildings, and forest covered a third of the Earth.
4. The climate was different, and animals such as the hippopotamus and rhinoceros ___________ (exist) in northern Europe.
5. Many mountains in Europe ___________ (be) active volcanoes.
6. Early people ___________ (live) in complex societies, but in small groups in places where they could find food.
7. What ______________ (eat) ? They ____________ (eat) whatever they could find.
8. Early people _____________ (stay) in the same place, but ____________ (travel) long distances, following the animals they needed for food.
9. Jaсk ______________ (havе) a bеard but hе shavеd it off.
10. My mothеr ____________ (rеad) to mе еvеry night.
11. In thе holidays wе ________________ (mееt) at thе bеaсh еvеry morning.
12. I _______________ (not likе) spinaсh, but now I do.
Exercise 13. Underline the correct form.
1. When the police stopped/were stopping Smith's car for a routine check, they realized that he was the man who robbed/had robbed the bank.
2. I woke up in the middle of the night and turned on/was turning on the light. Someone or something climbed / was climbing in my window!
3. Unfortunately Jan arrived/was arriving at the station at 3.25, and found that she missed/had missed the train.
4. The doctors tried/had been trying their best, but while they were performing the operation, the patient died/was dying.
5. We'd been watching the film for half an hour before we realized that we were making/had made a terrible mistake. We went/had gone into the wrong cinema!
6. On the morning of the accident, Mr Davis just finished/had just finished a night shift at a local factory, and didn't have/hadn't had any sleep for 24 hours.
7. I'm sorry I didn't answer/wasn’t answering the phone earlier, but I was painting/had been painting the ceiling in my bedroom.
8. The office Marlowe was visiting was on the 15th floor, and unfortunately the lift wasn’t working/hadn't been working, so by the time he arrived at the top of the stairs, he was/had been out of breath.
9. On Christmas morning when they woke up/were waking up, the children looked eagerly out of the window. It snowed/had been snowing, and the garden was covered in a thick white carpet.
10. After the two film stars landed/were landing at the small airport, they left quickly in a van that was waiting/had been waiting for them since the early morning.
Exercise 14. Translate the sentences.
1. Вчора я зустрів друга, якого не бачив цілу вічність. 2. Поки дідусь щось читав у своєму улюбленому кріслі бабуся в'язала, їх кіт забрався на стіл і з'їв всю сметану. 3. Перед тим як він почав читати цю книгу і виписувати нові слова, він подивився всі журнальні статті з цього питання. 4. Я почав шукати свою машину з поліцією, хоча до цього чотири дні намагався знайти її за допомогою своїх друзів. 5. Де ви вчора були о дев'ятій вечора? У цей час ми обговорювали план нашої роботи. 6.Він багато подорожував, перш ніж написати цю книгу. 7. Ви подякували йому за подарунок? Так. Ще вчора. 8. Ви жили тут три роки тому? Тоді я жив у Лондоні. Ми переїхали сюди в 1995. 9. Я чекав на Вас з шостої години. Чому Ви не прийшли вчасно? Моя машина зламалася. 10. Вчора я прийшов додому о восьмій годині вечора. Коли я увійшов, Енн дивилася телевізор. Вона вже бачила цей фільм, але хотіла подивитися ще раз. 11. Коли Джо йшов по вулиці, він побачив дівчину, яка була його першим коханням. 12. Він навчився читати в п'ять років. До того як він пішов до школи, він прочитав багато книжок. 13. Я його бачив сьогодні в 6:00 вечора. Він ще працював. 14. Вони взяли таксі і поїхали в готель, в якому Том заздалегідь зарезервував два двомісних та один одномісний номер.
Task. Topics for discussion (Speaking/Writing).
Name the four types of general purpose computers.
Explain the importance of learning about computers.
Describe the individual process of the computing cycle.
Distinguish between random access and read-only memory.
Speak on the way the information is stored in the computer.
Explain the uses of various kinds of peripheral devices.
Even if minis and mainframes were inexpensive, why it is unlikely that you would buy one for your home.
Task 1. Read, write the translation and learn the basic vocabulary terms:
application
approximate
attach
back up (n, v)
built-in
carbon paper
commonly known
comparison
dedicated
directly
dot-matrix printer
drawback
droplets
employ
feedback
hardcopy device
impact printers
improvement
inappropriate
ink-jet
inkless printer
keypad
keystroke
layer
layout
LCD ((Liquid Crystal Display)
legal documentations
non-impact printers
non-printing features
peripheral device
pixel (n)
power-hungry
precise dots
primarily
raster
resolution (n)
reveal
sales invoice
sensitive
significant
simultaneously
solid-ink printer
substantial
sufficient
technology
convert
enter
superimpose
transparencies
typewriter
vector-based artwork
versatile disk
visual aid
warm-up time
wireless
A peripheral is a device connected to a host computer, but not a part of it, and is more or less dependent on the host. It expands the host's capabilities, but does not form part of the core computer architecture. The examples are input/output devices such as printers, image scanners, drives, microphones, loudspeakers, webcams, and digital cameras.
A keyboard is a human interface device which is represented as a layout of buttons. Each button, or key, can be used to either input a linguistic character to a computer, or to call upon a particular function of the computer. Traditional keyboards use spring-based buttons, though newer variations employ virtual keys. The way of connection is the same to printers.
A mouse is an input device that operates by controlling the position of the cursor (in the shape of an arrow) on the monitor. A mouse is a pointing device that combines the traditional cursor movements— accomplished by pressing arrow keys— with the means to select an object on the display screen. One or more buttons located on the top of the mouse enable you to choose options. Small portable computers sometimes use a built-in or attachable trackball in lieu of a mouse. Rolling the trackball with your fingertips produces the same results as moving the mouse.
Light pens, often used in stores, are able to input a large amount of data quickly by moving a light beam across a barcode. This converts the barcode into digital data that is usable by the computer. Other types of light pens are also used for computer-aided design (CAD) and pen-based computers; the latter interpret and convert human writing into computer form.
A scanner is an input device that acts like a miniature photocopy machine connected to a computer, copying graphic images into the computer and allowing typewritten pages to be entered without retyping. Scanners include both hand-held and desktop models. A scanner works by passing a beam of light across the original page or artwork and sensing the reflected light; it then assembles this information into a data file that describes the images as rows of tiny dots, each one noted for its colour and brightness. That file is then passed on to the computer.
Several devices are used to get the output from the computer. Monitors, which look like television sets, quickly display and redisplay the computer's output. They are often called VDUs (video display units), VDTs (video display terminals), or simply screens. The image displayed on the screen is composed of many rows of tiny dots, called pixels (short for picture element). The number and size of pixels determine the resolution (sharpness and clarity) of the display. The more pixels, the higher the resolution.
There are different types of display screens. The most common type is the LCD (liquid crystal display) monitor. It takes up little space and uses the same technology as that used for screens or notebooks. The CRT (cathode ray tube) is rather like a conventional TV. They can be monochrome or colour. Monochrome monitors show one colour, generally white, green, or amber, on a dark background. Colour monitors (often called graphics monitors) display text characters and graphic images in colour.
Speakers and headphones allow the user to hear audio data, such as speech or music, through the computer.
Printers create paper copies, called hardcopies, of information sent from the computer. Printers for personal computers are connected to the computer by a cable through a port—the location through which the computer exchanges information with an external device. A port has a physical connector and an address, so that programs know where to send information. The two basic types of ports are serial and parallel.
Task 1. Answer the following questions.
1. What peripheral devices can be attached to the host computer? 2. What are the functions of input devices such as a keyboard, a scanner, a mouse and a light pen? 3. What do you know about such output devices as monitors? 4. What kind of printers do you know? 5. What is a keyboard designed for? 6. Can you explain the difference between CRT and LCD? 7. What are speakers and headphones used for? 8. What is a printer? 9. How are printers connected to the computer?
Task 2. Match the terms in Table A with the definitions in Table B.
Table A |
Table B |
1. barcode reader |
a) a piece of equipment that is connected to the central processing unit of a computer system. |
2. peripheral |
b) a measure of the quality of a display screen in terms of the amount of graphical information that can be shown on the screen |
3. resolution |
c) a symbol on the monitor screen that indicates the point on the screen that is being used |
4. cursor |
d) an optical input device that uses the reflection of a light beam to read barcode labels |
5. keyboard |
e) a common cursor control input device used with a graphical user interface. It commonly has 2 or 3 button switches on top and a ball underneath that is rolled on a flat surface |
6. mouse |
f) the main electronic input device that has keys arranged in a similar layout to a typewriter |
Task 3. Complete the gaps.
1. The image displayed on the screen is composed of many rows of tiny dots, called … .
2. Printers create paper copies, called … , of information sent from the computer.
3. Monitors are often called VDUs (video display units), VDTs (video display terminals), or simply … .
4. Peripheral devices can be classified generally as … .
5. The quality of images on the screen is measured in terms of … .
6. A mouse is an input device that operates by controlling the position of the ….
Task 4. Fill in the blanks with the words from the box.
printers, software, capacity, drive, pixels, scanner, peripherals, barcode, removable |
1. Digital cameras can be attached to a computer to directly transfer pictures for editing using special … and unwanted pictures can be deleted. 2. The resolution of a camera is measured in … and given as two numbers. 3. Other factors that vary between storage devices include: the speed at which the … moves the media past the read/write head and reads or writes data to the storage media and the … of the media. 4. There are various types of … for out-putting text and graphics to paper. 5. Data can take many forms and there is a wide variety of input, output, storage and communication … . 6. … is an input device that acts like a miniature photocopy machine connected to a computer, copying graphic images into the computer and allowing type- written pages to be entered without retyping. 7. … reader is used for looking up prices. 8. … storage enables the user to change the media and transfer it to another computer.