The U.S. Patriot Act and the Cyber-Security Enhancement Act carry even stiffer penalties – anywhere from 10 years to life in prison.
A CNET reporter questions the harshness of such penalties: “What bothers me most is that here in the United States, rapists serve, on average, 10 years in prison. Yet if, instead of assaulting another human being, that same person had released a virus on the Net, the criminal would get the same or an even harsher sentence.”
Law makers hope that stiff penalties will deter cyber criminals. U. S. Attorney John McKay is quoted as saying, “Let there be no mistake about it, cyber-hacking is a crime. It harms persons, it harms individuals, it harms businesses.
These cases illustrate our culture's ambivalent attitude toward computer hackers. On the one hand, they are viewed as evil cyber terrorists who are set on destroying the glue that binds together the Information Age. From this perspective, hackers are criminals who must be hunted down, forced to make restitution for damages, and prevented from creating further havoc.
From another perspective, hackers are viewed more as Casper the Friendly Ghost in cur complex cyber machines – as moderately bothersome entities whose pranks are tolerated by the computer community, along with software bugs. Seen from this perspective, a hacker's pranks are part of the normal course of study that leads to the highest echelons of computer expertise.
What do you think?
Should a computer virus distribution sentence carry the same penalty as mans laughter?
Should it be a crime to steal a copy of computer data while leaving the original data in place and unaltered?
Should hackers be sent to jail if they cannot pay restitution to companies and individuals who lost money as the result of a prank?
Do you think that a hacker would make a good consultant on computer security?
Task 12. Do the tasks in the following test.
A (n) ___ is a copy of one or more files that has been made in case the original files become damaged.
The Windows ___ is an important group of files that the Windows operating system uses to store configuration information about all the devices and software installed on a computer system.
The main directory of a disk is referred to as the ___ directory.
The main hard disk drive on a PC is often referred to as “drive C”. (True/False)
A filename extension is usually related to a file ___, which is the arrangement of data in a file and the coding scheme used to represent the data.
Antivirus software is 100% reliable when it comes to protecting your computer from viruses. (True/False)
A file specification or path typically includes all of the following information EXCEPT ___.
a) the file author b) the file name c) the file extension d) the drive letter
___ software is a set of utility programs that looks for and eradicates viruses, worms, and Trojan horses.
File-naming ___ are a set of rules for naming files.
The easiest way to convert a file from one format to another is to find an application program that works with both file formats. (True/False)
Deleting a file’s icon from a directory does not necessarily remove the data from the disk. (True/False)
A computer ___ is a set of program instructions that attaches itself to a file, reproduces itself, and spreads to other files.
A root directory typically contains smaller ___, often depicted as folders in graphical user interfaces.
A (n) ___ is a computer program that seems to perform one function while actually doing something else.
A virus can be spread if people distribute infected files by ___.
a) exchanging disks or CDs b) sending e-mail attachments
c) downloading software from the Web d) all of the above
You should update your antivirus software regularly. (True/False)
Bot-infected computers linked together into a network is called a(n) ___.
A virus ___ is a section of the virus program that can be used to identify a known virus.
Computer virus trigger events are often tied to a specific date. (True/False)
The file ___ helps you keep track of the most current version of your file when you have saved several versions.
LANGUAGE SKILLS DEVELOPMENT
Exercise 1. Translate the following sentences paying attention to Absolute Participle Clause
My colleague being away, I had to take the decision myself. Оскільки мій товариш по роботі був відсутній, мені довелося самому прийняти рішення. We continued our work, with our laboratory assistants helping us. Ми продовжували свою роботу, а наші лаборанти допомагали нам.
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1. My boss being away, I didn’t go to work. 2. The disk removed, the computer can be switched off. 3. The new browser having been studied in detail, the committee decided to introduce it at the exhibition. 4. My colleague being away, I had to take the decision myself. 5. There being many people in the conference hall, we couldn’t enter. 6. We continued our work, with our laboratory assistants helping us. 7. The new wireless network is very expensive, we hardly buy it. 8. The technology designed, we made a great progress in the field of IT. 9. The research being carried out, the virus can’t destroy our equipment. 10. Other protecting systems being cumbersome, we use the old one. 11. The new software having been installed, I felt a sort of satisfaction. 12. With the new virus being created, we need the patches for Windows. 13. With a sound generated every time you destroy one of the enemies, the game becomes more interesting. 14. The computer crashed, I lost all my afternoon’s work. 15. The information stored, you can access it any time you need it.
Exercise 2. Choose the right form of Participle and translate the sentences.
The net was supposed to be about community, about people with common interests finding/found each other in the limitless tracts of cyberspace and connecting/connected like never before.
The nodes will link to the net via broadband links and share that access via antenna siting/ sited on the roofs of several buildings.
The company administering/ administered the .info domain could face legal challenges from those denying/ denied a chance to apply for some generic .info domains.
A group of researchers at Bell labs have made tiny functioning/functioned transistors a million times smaller than a grain of sand.
Each molecular transistor is 10 times smaller than any components creating/ created with today’s most advancing/ advanced chip making/ made techniques.
In the media you can often find articles telling/ told of hackers breaking/ broken into computer systems and websites stealing/ stolen and destroying/ destroyed information.
Hacker is a computer user breaking/ broken a system’s security and stealing/ stolen valuable information.
Hackers will often write open-source code allowing/ allowed others to see what they have done.
The hacking contest was not run fairly and proved nothing about the integrity of the proposing/ proposed technologies.
Chemically producing/ produced components are microscopical, faster and more efficient then today’s silicon products made using/ used lithography.
Technologies such as the Internet, PCs and wireless telephony have turned the globe into an increasingly interconnecting/ interconnected network of individuals, organizations and governments communicating/ communicated and interacting/ interacted with each other with through a variety of channels.
Using/ used effectively, information and communication technologies can help to create training/ trained, educating/ educated and healthy workforce.
Netscape Gecko control how WebPages appears on the screen and supports accepting/ accepted web standards such as HTML, XML, Cascading Style Sheets and JavaScript.
The method using/ used depends on the length to be measured.
An intelligent network consists of distributing/ distributed signaling network of switches, databases and dedicating/ dedicated computer servers.
Exercise 3. Choose the right variant.
1. Five days______week I go to work by train.
a) of c) in
b) the d) a
2. While I was skiing I______and broke my wrist.
a) fell c) fall
b) was falling d) have fallen
3. I______what you are talking about.
a) am not understanding c) didn't understand
b) not understand d) don't understand
4. He has______time left.
a) many c) few
b) much d) a few
5. He______on his report since morning. He______the first two sentences.
a) has been working, has written
b) has worked, wrote
c) had worked, had written
d) was working, wrote
6. I don't care who comes to the party. You can bring______ you like.
a) whoever c) whenever
b) whatever d) however
7. You need to score______55 % to pass the exam.
a) at c) the latest
b) at least d) the least
8. That's______restaurant I've ever been to.
a) worst c) the worst
b) bad d) worse
9. When I was younger I_______watch a lot of TV.
a) use c) used
b) am used d) used to
10. The road is icy, so drive_______.
a) care c) careful
b) carefully d) carelessly
11. You can't blame me_______what happened.
a) of c) for
b) on d) in
12. It's no_______trying to persuade her.
a) point c) use
b) advantage d) benefit
13. As we approached we_______smell something burning.
a) can c) may
b) were able d) could
14. It's time we_______a holiday. We deserve a break.
a) had c) to have
b) have d) are having
15. I don't think you can_______on him doing this task.
a) rely c) hope
b) expect d) dependent
16.I am going to finish this composition even if I_______up all night.
a) had to stay c) have to stay
b) '11 have to stay d) '11 stay
17. We've taken on twenty new_______this year already.
a) employing c) employees
b) employer d) employers
18. How can she afford_______on holiday twice a year?
a) to go c) go
b) going d) to be going
19. He apologized_______making such a noise.
a) of c) for
b) against d) from
20. I'd rather you_______with us.
a) come c) coming
b) to come d) came
21. Did _______ police find _______ person who stole______bicycle?
a) the, the, the c) the, a, the
b) a, the, the d) the, the, a
22. The prisoners refused to eat_______.
a) something c) anything
b) some d) nothing
23.______he waited_______nervous he became.
a) long, much c) the longer, the more
b) longer, more d) longest, most
24.______he wasn't keen on the idea, he agreed to participate.
a) although c) despite
b) however d) in spite of
25. It is always difficult for older people_______job.
a) finding c) to find
b) find d) to have found
26. ……sewage into oceans and rivers is a serious form of
pollution.
a) having dumped c) dumped
b) being dumped d) dumping
27. Since ancient times, iron______to human beings.
a) is known c) is being known
b) has been known d) has been knowing
28. The President worked so hard that his______away from his desk was rare.
a) has been c) being
b) was d) to be
29. You'd better______from work tomorrow.
a) not be absent c) not to be absent
b) not to absent d) not absenting
30. Last year floods in Europe destroyed______2,000 buildings.
a) many c) just as
b) the same as d) as many as
31.Who______in the office when I______you?
a) were you talking to, phoned
b) did you talk to, phoned
c) were you talking, phoned
d) talked to, was phoning
32. You'll never jump three metres______hard you try.
a) whoever c) whenever
b) however d) wherever
33. He bought me______expensive ring he could find.
a) at last b) at least
с) the latest d) the least
34. I'll put on an overcoat in case it______.
a) is raining c) rains
b) rain d) will rain
35. I'm used______my own shirts. I have to look after myself.
a) ironing c) iron
b) to ironing d) to iron
36. We can't offer you a sandwich because we've run______
bread.
a) away from c) out from
b) off with d) out of
37. They want______for an interview next week.
a) she will come c) that she comes
b) her coming d) her to come
38. She carried on dancing in______of the pain.
a) spirit c) split
b) spite d) despite
39. We_______wear what we liked at school when we were
young.
a) can c) weren't allowed
b) are allowed to d) weren't allowed to
40. I wish we______a few more days, I'd like to see more
sights.
a) had had c) had
b) have d) '11 have
41. There was not enough______for four in the flat.
a) room c) area
b) place d) measurement
42. The train______have arrived or I would have seen her.
a) mustn't c) should
b) can't d) should not
43.I can't imagine______a computer at work now.
a) not having c) have
b) having d) to have
44. The arrested man was suspected______robbing a bank.
a) for c) in
b) of d) against
45. I'd rather you______the dinner now.
a) cook c) cooking
b) to cook d) cooked
46. We live in _______ old house in _______ middle of______village.
a) an, the, the c) an, a, the
b) a, the, the d) an, the, a
47. Did the children enjoy_______when they were on holiday?
a) themselves c) yourself
b) ourselves d) yourselves
48.______goods you sell_______profit you'll make.
a) many, much c) the more, the more
b) more, more d) much, many
49. They______Great Britain several times but this will be
their first trip to Ireland.
a) visit c) have visited
b) are visiting d) have been visiting
50. I doubt if she______you. You've really changed.
a) recognized c) '11 recognize
b) had recognized d) has recognized
Exercise 4. Choose the right variant.
1. My sister ... interested in medicine ever since she was a
child.
a) is c) has been
b) was d) will be
2. When I started working for this company, I ... an architect for six years already.
a) has been c) was
b) had been d) have been
3. I'll take the decision after I ... to the manager.
a)speak c) has spoken
b) will speak d) spoke
4. Look! That window just ... again!
a) has broken c) has been broken
b) broke d) break
5. This cafe used to be much ... before they opened the new one next door.
a) popular c) most popular
b) more popular d) the most popular
6. My company has treated me well, and given me ... chance to succeed.
a) every c)each
b) all d) either
7. There may be no need to go to school in the future, since everyone will have a computer ... home.