15. He is supposed______but I don't think he will.
a) come c) to come
b) coming d) '11 come
16. If we had had a map we______lost.
a) wouldn't get d) didn't get
b) would get d) got
17. You don't fancy______out when it is raining.
a) come c) to come
b) came d) coming
18. Finally we succeeded______finding a good flat at a reasonable price.
a) on b) in
с) for d) of
19. When he came to America he______getting up earlybecause of the jet lag.
a) wasn't used to c) used
b) didn't use to d) used to
20.1 think it's time the government______something about pollution.
a) to do c) did
b) doing d) to have done
21. The party was great. We enjoyed______very much.
a) ourselves c) us
b) themselves d) them
22. That man over there,______name I don't remember, is a politician.
a) what c) which
b) that d) whose
23. This is_______difficult decision I've had to make for years.
a) most c) the more
b) more d) the most
24.______her illness, she decided to go to school.
a) in spite c) however
b) although d) despite
25. If you don't know a word, you can______in the dictionary.
a) see it up c) make it up
b) follow it up d) look it up
WRITING
Use the Web and other resources to compile a list of the software used in your current or future career field. Are there standard packages that job applicants need to know how to use? If so, what can you find out about those packages on the Web. Also, make a list of the software packages you are familiar with. Use the software classification system. As you consider your career goals for the next year, list at least five additional software packages you would like to learn. Explain why they would be helpful.
Task 1. Memorize the following words and word-combinations:
aesthetic
assumption
bland slogans
bloated
body text
cluster
cluttered
de-fluffed language
deviate
discourse markers
emphasis
exclude
facilitate
fixed font size
goal-driven navigation
goal-given
grasp
humble
in a single glance
intimidating
maze
navigate
out-of-context
overabundance
overabundance
page titles
relevance-enhanced image reduction
relief
rotate
salient information-carrying words
secondary pages
sensory
shape
straightforward
strategic positioning
strictly
subhead
superfluous
texture
thumbnail shot
to exhibit
tricky puzzle
typo
undifferentiated blob of content
unintentionally
unintentionally
unity
unwarranted
usability
user with disability
user’s lifeline
violating design
violating design convention
web-authoring
zooming
TEXT 17A. WEB DESIGN.
As the Internet has become to discover its true identity, one of the things that has become clear this still — evolving medium is that major attraction is information. The web sites that attract the largest audiences share one thing in common: they are all in the information business.
What is design? Design — the act of working out the form of something; an arrangement scheme; a decorative or artistic work; the creation of something in the mind. It is not difficult for users to understand the main elements and principles of design. The elements of design — line, shape, space, texture, value and color. The principles of it — movement, emphasis, balance and unity.
Many elements go into successful Web site design, we can cluster those elements into sensory, conceptual and reactive aspects. That is, design isn't only what you see, it's also what you think and feel as you navigate a Web site.
Whether your site is about entertainment or not — your visitors might welcome a few moments of light relief! Perhaps some fun games to play, or a tricky puzzle or maze to solve.
Although gaining attention is an important part of any communication act, it is important to try to keep your message as simple as possible.
Use only the amount of the text and graphics as is absolutely necessary to get your point across.
Superfluous graphics can interfere with understanding.
An overabundance of fonts or colors can distract than assist learning. Remember the Web is international!
A well - designed page, whether in print or on the Web, is the thing of beauty. A skilled designer can take widely different elements like body text, heading, graphics, links and whatever, and arrange them into a harmonious whole. Good design is practical as well as aesthetic. Well -designed pages are easier to read, and lead your readers' eyes where you want them to be led. This article looks strictly at the visual aspects of page design.
A professionally done web-sites brings in greater profits, attracts more customers and help to get in touch with the right partners. All these cannot be achieved without effective web development strategies. Any web development starts with working out web design, concepts and ends with strategic positioning on the Internet, which leads your site to success.
Here's a list often additional design elements that will increase the usability of virtually all sites:
Place your name and logo on every page and make the logo a link to the home page.
Provide search if the site has more than 100 pages.
Write straightforward and simple headlines and page titles that clearly explain what the page is about and that will make sense when read out-of-context in a search engine results listing.
Structure the page to facilitate scanning and help users ignore large chunks of the page in a single glance.
Use hypertext to structure the content space into a starting page that provides an overview and several secondary pages that each focus on a specific topic.
Use product photos, but avoid cluttered and bloated family pages with lots of photos. Some products may even need zooming or rotating photos, but reserve all such advanced features for the secondary pages. The primary product page must be fast and should be limited to a thumbnail shot.
Use relevance-enhanced image reduction when preparing small photos and images.
Use link titles to provide users with a preview of where each link will take them, before they have clicked on it.
Ensure that all important pages are accessible for users with disabilities.
Remember Jakob's Law of the Web Users Experience: users spend most of their time on other sites, so that's where they form their expectations for how the Web works.
Task 2. Complete the sentences as in the text.
The main elements of design line, shape, space, —, value and color.
Design is what you think and feel as you — a Web site.
Superfluous — can interfere with understanding.
— pages are easier to read.
A skilled — can take widely different elements.
The — is international.
Provide — if the site has more than one hundred pages.
Use — to structure the content space into a starting page.
Some products may need zooming or — photos.
10 It is known the — spend most of their time on other sites.
Task 3. Form verbs adding the prefixes a) over- and b) en- to the given words and translate them:
to heat, to estimate, to charge, to work, to fill, to fulfill, to cool, to grow, to balance, to hear, to supply, to simplify, to use, to develop, to value; rich, sure, due, feeble, noble, close.
Task 4. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian. Pay attention to the use of modal verbs and their equivalents.
1 Every engineer must improve his technical knowledge. 2 You should have helped your friend with Web design. 3 All the preparations with headlines and page titles must have been completed long ago. 4 With this deeper understanding Web site builders will be able to apply more integrated design practices. 5 No matter what Web design you choose, it should express your individuality. 6 With Blue Voda you will be able to build a fantastic Web site like this. 7 How can you make margins? 8 Users might understand your site. 9 Not everything can be standardized. 10 You shouldn't leave this Web site.
Task 5. Discuss the following questions.
What is design in common?
What are the main elements of design?
Design is only what you see, isn't it?
What can interfere with understanding?
Why are well-designed pages so successful?
What is the role of graphics in this process?
Why you should place your name on every page?
What kind of photos can you use?
Why do users spend the most of their time on other sites?
10 Have you ever tested your design with real users?
Task 6. Work in pairs and discuss the questions.
Why do people have personal websites?
Have you ever visited anyone’s personal home page? What was it like?
Text 17B. TOP TEN MISTAKES IN WEB DESIGN
Overly literal search engines reduce usability in that they're unable to handle typos, plurals, hyphens, and other variants of the query terms. Search is the user's lifeline when navigation fails. Even though advanced search can sometimes help, simple search usually works best, and search should be presented as a simple box, since that's what users are looking for.
Users hate coming across a PDF file while browsing, because it breaks their flow. Even simple things like printing or saving documents are difficult because standard browser commands don't work. Layouts are often optimized for a sheet of paper, which rarely matches the size of the user's browser window. Bye-bye smooth scrolling. Hello tiny fonts. Worst of all, PDF is an undifferentiated blob of content that's hard to navigate. PDF is great for printing and for distributing manuals and other big documents that need to be printed. Reserve it for this purpose and convert any information that needs to be browsed or read on the screen into real web pages.
A good grasp of past navigation helps you understand your current location, since it's the culmination of your journey. Knowing your past and present locations in turn makes it easier to decide where to go next. Links are a key factor in this navigation process. Users can exclude links that proved fruitless in their earlier visits. Conversely, they might revisit links they found helpful in the past. Most important, knowing which pages they've already visited frees users from unintentionally revisiting the same pages over and over again. These benefits only accrue under one important assumption: that users can tell the difference between visited and unvisited links because the site shows them in different colors.
When visited links don't change color, users exhibit more navigational disorientation in usability testing and unintentionally revisit the same pages repeatedly.
4. Non-Scannable Text
A wall of text is deadly for an interactive experience. Intimidating. Boring. Painful to read.
Write for online, not print. To draw users into the text and support scannability, use well-documented tricks: subheads ; bulleted lists ; highlighted keywords ; short paragraphs ; the inverted pyramid ; a simple writing style; de-fluffed language devoid of marketese.
CSS style sheets unfortunately give websites the power to disable a Web browser's "change font size" button and specify a fixed font size. About 95% of the time, this fixed size is tiny, reducing readability significantly for most people over the age of 40. Respect the user's preferences and let them resize text as needed. Also, specify font sizes in relative terms -- not as an absolute number of pixels.
Search is the most important way users discover websites. Search is also one of the most important ways users find their way around individual websites. The humble page title is your main tool to attract new visitors from search listings and to help your existing users to locate the specific pages that they need. For other pages than the homepage, start the title with a few of the most salient information-carrying words that describe the specifics of what users will find on that page. Taglines on homepages are a related subject: they also need to be short and quickly communicate the purpose of the site.